Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0242339 (dyslipidemia)
 13,927 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The risk for cardiovascular complications is already substantially increased in persons with borderline elevation of arterial pressure (141-159/90-94 mmHg and transiently below). It increases progressively with higher grades of hypertension. The main aim of treatment is thus a significant improvement in survival for the patient. Persons with raised blood pressure (BP) have often additional cardiovascular risk factors such as deranged carbohydrate metabolism, dyslipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, smoking and others. Treatment of hypertensive patients should thus not only normalize BP but should at the same time reduce associated risk factors or at least not increase them. Conventional antihypertensive treatment based on thiazides in high doses or beta-blocking agents led to marked reduction of strokes and heart failure, but did not satisfactorily reduce coronary heart disease or sudden cardiac death. It has been suspected that other cardiac risk factors are insufficiently influenced or eventually even deteriorated by conventional therapy, thus counteracting partly a beneficial effect of lowered BP. Beta-blockers however have at least a secondary preventive effect after myocardial infarction. Newer antihypertensive drugs such as ACE-inhibitors, calcium antagonists and alpha 1-blockers reduce left ventricular hypertrophy and are at least neutral with regard to metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates. The non-thiazide diuretic indapamide and the serotonin (S2-) blocker ketanserin likewise are neutral with regard to glucose and lipid metabolism. The efficacy of these new drugs regarding long term survival is as yet undetermined. Persisting borderline or established hypertension should as a rule always be approached with basic non-pharmacologic measures: loss of overweight, reduction of alcohol intake, exercise, avoidance of high salt foods, abstention from smoking and withdrawal of BP-raising drugs. If antihypertensive medication is indicated, potential first line drugs are ACE-inhibitors, calcium antagonists, beta-blockers, thiazides at low dose, indapamide, ketanserin, the alpha 1-blocker prazosin and others; initially as monotherapy, if needed in combinations of 2 or 3. Older patients or those will with additional disturbances such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, nephropathy, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, claudication, asthma and others need problem-adjusted modifications of treatment.
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PMID:[Antihypertensive therapy in the nineties]. 153 54

Arterial occlusive disease (AOD) which is rarely described in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, is mainly associated with Crohn's disease (CD), and its etiology and natural course are unknown. We studied six patients (five women, one man) with CD and major lower extremity AOD who were treated at the Cleveland Clinic between 1985 and 1994. These were relatively young patients (age range 24-48 years) with steroid-dependent Crohn' colitis. On their presentation, five had acute onset of severe ischemic symptoms ("blue toe" syndrome in three) and one had rapid progression of claudication. All the patients had active CD and/or prior extensive bowel resections, and had no evidence of extraintestinal manifestation. Cardiovascular risk factors were smoking (n = 5), dyslipidemia (n = 3), family history of coronary artery disease (n = 3), premature menopause (n = 2), diabetes mellitus (n = 1). Arteriograms showed iliac artery involvement in all six patients and bilateral AOD in three. None of the patients had arteriographic or clinical signs of vasculitis. Five patients required arterial revascularizations, i.e., endovascular (n = 2), surgical (n = 2), and combined in one. Three patients had microscopic evidence of atherosclerosis. Lower extremity AOD in patients less than 50 yr of age and with CD may be partially related to premature atherosclerosis. Prospective screening for cardiovascular risk factors, subclinical disease, and hypercoagulability might be indicated in patients with active CD to prevent major arterial complications.
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PMID:Lower extremity arterial occlusions in young patients with Crohn's colitis and premature atherosclerosis: report of six cases. 906 77

Patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and intermittent claudication often have coronary artery disease (CAD) and other comorbid medical problems. There is a paucity of information on the impact of coexistent medical conditions on exercise capacity and functional status in patients with PAD. This study examined the impact of CAD, diabetes, cigarette smoking, prior peripheral surgical revascularization and other medical conditions on claudication pain times and peak oxygen capacity (VO2) during maximal effort treadmill testing in 119 male outpatient volunteers (ankle-brachial index (ABI) of 0.65 +/- 0.2, mean +/- SEM) with a history of Fontaine Stage II PAD. Smoking status was significantly related to ambulatory function. Current smokers had a lower peak VO2 expressed in l/min than either former or never smokers (ANCOVA adjusted for age, p = 0.003). However, after adjustment for body weight, there was only a trend for a difference in peak VO2 between current (13.2 +/- 0.5 ml/kg per min), former (14.2 +/- 0.4 ml/kg per min) and never (15.4 +/- 1.0 ml/kg per min) smokers (ANCOVA, p = 0.10). Current smokers had a shorter time to onset of claudication pain (p = 0.023) and shorter maximal claudication pain times (p = 0.029) than former or never smokers (p = 0.023). The ABI 1 min after cessation of exercise was also lower in smokers compared to former and never smokers (p = 0.018). There were no significant differences in functional performance measures or time to recovery from maximal claudication pain when patients were categorized on the presence or absence of CAD, diabetes, peripheral revascularization, arthritis, hypertension or dyslipidemia. Therefore, smoking adversely affected exercise capacity in these PAD patients, whereas the presence of CAD, diabetes and other medical problems had a relatively minor impact on exercise capacity. In conclusion, the relatively minor impact of comorbid medical conditions on walking ability in patients with PAD reflects the overwhelming limitation in ambulatory function due to the claudication pain.
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PMID:Comorbidities and exercise capacity in older patients with intermittent claudication. 1178 70

There is a paucity of trials that specifically evaluate the benefits of cardiovascular risk reduction therapies in patients with peripheral arterial disease. We therefore sought to describe the data supporting the use of therapies for lowering cardiovascular risk, preventing ischemic events, as well as managing intermittent claudication, in these patients. A search for randomized, placebo-controlled trials in peripheral arterial disease was conducted using Medline and reference lists of relevant articles. These trials served as the primary sources of data and treatment recommendations, while observational studies and case series were included as sources of commonly accepted treatment recommendations that were not fully supported by the randomized trial. Data from the primary sources support the use of antiplatelet therapy and, potentially, of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, for preventing ischemic events. In contrast, the evidence demonstrates a nonsignificant trend for treating dyslipidemia to prevent mortality and does not specifically support intensive glycemic control in persons with diabetes or estrogen use in these patients. However, observational data and data derived from trials in persons with other manifestations of cardiovascular disease may be generalized to support the importance of treating key risk factors, such as smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Data supporting the use of estrogen to reduce cardiovascular risk are less clear. Studies do demonstrate improvement in walking ability resulting from exercise rehabilitation programs, as well as from use of cilostazol and, to a more modest degree, pentoxifylline. The consensus is to treat risk factors of peripheral arterial disease patients similarly to patients with other manifestations of atherosclerosis and to use exercise rehabilitation or cilostazol to treat the subset of patients with claudication.
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PMID:Current medical therapies for patients with peripheral arterial disease: a critical review. 1181 7

The vascular nurse plays an important role in the treatment of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a prevalent atherosclerotic occlusive disease that affects approximately 8 to 12 million people in the United States. Approximately 4 to 5 million individuals with PAD experience claudication, the exercise-induced ischemic pain in the lower extremities that is relieved upon rest. Both PAD and claudication are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, limitations in functional capacity, and a decreased quality of life. Despite its prevalence, PAD is often undiagnosed and, therefore, increases the risk for cardiovascular ischemic events, disease progression, functional disability, amputation, and death. Risk factors for PAD and claudication are similar to those for other atherosclerotic diseases, including age, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperhomocysteinemia. Effective treatment to normalize these risk factors can reduce disease progression and the incidence of cardiovascular ischemic events. Claudication symptoms can be improved most effectively through exercise training, which may be used in conjunction with medications specifically indicated to improve these symptoms. Vascular nurses, practicing in a multitude of inpatient and outpatient settings, can assist patients with risk-factor modifications and behavioral changes to help them stop smoking, maintain glycemic control, normalize high blood pressure and lipid levels, and ensure initiation of lifelong antiplatelet therapy and participation in exercise rehabilitation programs, thus, promoting positive outcomes for patients with claudication.
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PMID:Treating patients with peripheral arterial disease and claudication. 1262 92

The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) increases with age. PAD in elderly persons may be asymptomatic, may be associated with intermittent claudication, or may be associated with critical limb ischemia. Other atherosclerotic vascular disorders, especially coronary artery disease (CAD), may coexist with PAD. Elderly persons with PAD are at increased risk for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and mortality from CAD. Modifiable risk factors should be treated in persons with PAD such as cessation of cigarette smoking and control of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Statins have been shown to reduce the incidence of intermittent claudication and to improve treadmill exercise duration until the onset of intermittent claudication in persons with PAD and hypercholesterolemia. Antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin or clopidogrel, especially clopidogrel, should be administered to all persons with PAD. Persons with PAD should be treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and also with beta blockers if CAD is present. Cilostazol should be given to persons with intermittent claudication to improve exercise capacity unless heart failure is present. Exercise rehabilitation programs improve exercise time until claudication. Indications for lower extremity angioplasty, preferably with stenting, or bypass surgery are 1) incapacitating claudication in persons interfering with work or lifestyle; 2) limb salvage in persons with limb-threatening ischemia as manifested by rest pain, nonhealing ulcers, and/or infection or gangrene; and 3) vasculogenic impotence. However, amputation should be performed if tissue loss has progressed beyond the point of salvage, if surgery is too risky, if life expectancy is very low, or if functional limitations obviate the benefit of limb salvage.
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PMID:Management of peripheral arterial disease of the lower extremities in elderly patients. 1499 33

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) may be asymptomatic, may be associated with intermittent claudication, or may be associated with critical limb ischemia. Coronary artery disease (CAD) and other atherosclerotic vascular disorders may coexist with PAD. Persons with PAD are at increased risk for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and mortality from CAD. Modifiable risk factors such as cessation of cigarette smoking and control of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes should be treated. Statins reduce the incidence of intermittent claudication and improve exercise duration until the onset of intermittent claudication in persons with PAD and hypercholesterolemia. Antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin or clopidogrel, especially clopidogrel, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors should be given to all persons with PAD. beta-Blockers should be given if CAD is present. Exercise rehabilitation programs and cilostazol improve exercise time until intermittent claudication. Indications for lower-extremity angioplasty, preferably with stenting, or bypass surgery are 1) incapacitating claudication in persons interfering with work or lifestyle; 2) limb salvage in persons with limb-threatening ischemia as manifested by rest pain, nonhealing ulcers, and/or infection or gangrene; and 3) vasculogenic impotence. However, amputation should be performed if tissue loss has progressed beyond the point of salvage, if surgery is too risky, if life expectancy is very low, or if functional limitations diminish the benefit of limb salvage.
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PMID:Management of peripheral arterial disease. 1570 52

A body of evidence from basic science and clinical research is emerging to provide a compelling argument for endothelial dysfunction as a central etiologic factor in the development of atherosclerosis and systemic vascular diseases (hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, stroke, or claudication). Erectile dysfunction (ED) is another prevalent vascular disorder that, like cardiovascular disease, is now thought to be caused by endothelial dysfunction. In fact, a burgeoning literature is now available that suggests that ED may be an early marker for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk, and subclinical systemic vascular disease. The emerging awareness of ED as a barometer for vascular health and occult cardiovascular disease represents a unique opportunity for primary prevention of vascular disease in all men. Although the implications of this relationship for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease are not fully appreciated, the available literature makes a strong argument for the role of ED as an early marker for the development of significant cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:Erectile dysfunction as a marker for vascular disease. 1623 18

Smoking should be stopped and hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypothyroidism treated in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) of the lower extremities. Statins decrease the incidence of intermittent claudication and improve exercise duration until the onset of intermittent claudication in persons with PAD and hypercholesterolemia. Antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin or clopidogrel, especially clopidogrel, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and statins should be given to all persons with PAD. Beta blockers should be given if coronary artery disease is present. Exercise rehabilitation programs and cilostazol increase exercise time until intermittent claudication develops. Chelation therapy should be avoided. Indications for lower extremity percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or bypass surgery are (1) incapacitating claudication in persons interfering with work or lifestyle, (2) limb salvage in persons with limb-threatening ischemia as manifested by rest pain, nonhealing ulcers, and/or infection or gangrene, and (3) vasculogenic impotence.
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PMID:Management of peripheral arterial disease of the lower extremities. 1802 17

Smoking should be stopped and hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypothyroidism treated in elderly patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) of the lower extremities. Statins reduce the incidence of intermittent claudication and improve exercise duration until the onset of intermittent claudication in patients with PAD and hypercholesterolemia. Antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin or clopidogrel, especially clopidogrel, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and statins should be given to all elderly patients with PAD without contraindications to these drugs. Beta blockers should be given if coronary artery disease is present. Exercise rehabilitation programs and cilostazol increase exercise time until intermittent claudication develops. Chelation therapy should be avoided. Indications for lower extremity percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or bypass surgery are (1) incapacitating claudication in patients interfering with work or lifestyle; (2) limb salvage in patients with limb-threatening ischemia as manifested by rest pain, nonhealing ulcers, and/or infection or gangrene; and (3) vasculogenic impotence.
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PMID:Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly. 1822 66


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