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 13,927 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The metabolic syndrome represents the association in a single individual of a cluster of metabolic and hemodynamic factors, leading to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular diseases. Several definitions exist (WHO, EGIR, NCEP-ATP III, AACE), but all of them include a cluster of criteria (hyper glycemia or type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity) which increased these risks in parallel to their aggregation. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in industrialized countries represents 10 to 30% of the adult population, depending on the definition used and of the range of age, with a regular progression, particularly in women. Thus, it is needed to identify subjects with metabolic syndrome in the general population, and not only in overweight/obese subjects. This review, briefly presents the main definitions, as well as current data on pathophysiology, prevalence and consequences of the metabolic syndrome. Steps to diagnose it and guidance for the therapeutic management of metabolic syndrome in primary care practice are described.
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PMID:[How to manage the metabolic syndrome?]. 1595 95

Despite the importance of randomized, dose-response studies for proper evaluation of effective clinical interventions, there have been no dose-response studies on the effects of exercise amount on abdominal obesity, a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. One hundred seventy-five sedentary, overweight men and women with mild to moderate dyslipidemia were randomly assigned to participate for 6 mo in a control group or for approximately 8 mo in one of three exercise groups: 1) low amount, moderate intensity, equivalent to walking 12 miles/wk (19.2 km) at 40-55% of peak oxygen consumption; 2) low amount, vigorous intensity, equivalent to jogging 12 miles/wk at 65-80% of peak oxygen consumption; or 3) high amount, vigorous intensity, equivalent to jogging 20 miles/wk (32.0 km). Computed tomography scans were analyzed for abdominal fat. Controls gained visceral fat (8.6 +/- 17.2%; P = 0.001). The equivalent of 11 miles of exercise per week, at either intensity, prevented significant accumulation of visceral fat. The highest amount of exercise resulted in decreased visceral (-6.9 +/- 20.8%; P = 0.038) and subcutaneous (-7.0 +/- 10.8%; P < 0.001) abdominal fat. Significant gains in visceral fat over only 6 mo emphasize the high cost of continued inactivity. A modest exercise program, consistent with recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control/American College of Sports Medicine (CDC/ACSM), prevented significant increases in visceral fat. Importantly, a modest increase over the CDC/ACSM exercise recommendations resulted in significant decreases in visceral, subcutaneous, and total abdominal fat without changes in caloric intake.
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PMID:Inactivity, exercise, and visceral fat. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount. 1600 76

High prevalence and risk of cardiovascular complications dictates necessity of timely diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome. Its criteria does not require detection of insulin resistance and can be widely used. For facilitation of selection of drug therapy the following clinical variants of the syndrome were distinguished: 1) combination of hypertension, abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia; 2) combination of hypertension, abdominal obesity and impaired glucose tolerance; 3) combination of hypertension, abdominal obesity dyslipidemia and impaired glucose tolerance. Management of metabolic syndrome should be complex comprising diet and various combinations of antihypertensive, lipid lowering and hypoglycemic drugs.
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PMID:[Algorithm of diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome]. 1600 64

Menopause-related oestrogen deficiency increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The presence of abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, fasting hyperglycaemia or impaired glucose tolerance further aggravates the CVD risk imposed by menopause. A detailed personal history should be recorded, covering PCOS, gestational diabetes mellitus, alcohol intake and smoking, as well as a family history of cardiovascular disease. Screening of the a-symptomatic post-menopausal woman should include fasting lipid profile, plasma glucose and liver, renal and thyroid function tests. Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c)>130 mg/dL is associated with an increased risk of CVD. Levels of triglycerides (TG)>or=150 mg/dL and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c)<or=50 mg/dL coupled with an increase in small dense LDL and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles constitute the atherogenic dyslipidemia, which characterizes the metabolic syndrome. In women with previous VTE episodes, screening for thrombophilia is advisable, as well as an estimation of baseline homocysteine and C-reactive protein (CRP). Non-pharmacological intervention should be targeted towards smoking cessation, a low-salt, low-fat, high-fibre diet and increased physical activity.
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PMID:Cardiovascular disease: screening and management of the a-symptomatic high-risk post-menopausal woman. 1614 Apr 82

Rimonabant hydrochloride, the first drug in a new class of selective cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor antagonists, is showing promise in clinical trials for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic risk factors, in addition to tobacco dependence. Results of phase III clinical trials comparing rimonabant with placebo found that overweight or obese patients, with or without untreated dyslipidemia or type 2 diabetes, lost significant body weight when treated with rimonabant 20 mg for a year. The weight loss was accompanied by a decrease in waist circumference, demonstrating a significant reduction in abdominal obesity, which is an independent marker for cardiovascular disease. Significant improvements were also observed in the lipid profile, with an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and a decrease in triglyceride levels. Improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin levels were also found. Moreover, the number of patients diagnosed with the metabolic syndrome at baseline was significantly reduced. These beneficial effects of rimonabant 20 mg were maintained after 2 years of chronic treatment. Other phase III trials have shown that rimonabant helps people to quit smoking without significant post-cessation weight gain. Rimonabant has a favorable safety profile and is generally well tolerated. Rimonabant is proving to be a very promising approach for managing two major and preventable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the available evidence on the clinical efficacy and safety of rimonabant as a potential therapy for obesity and smoking cessation.
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PMID:Rimonabant hydrochloride: an investigational agent for the management of cardiovascular risk factors. 1623 73

Increasing evidence has shown that atherogenesis is not only caused by hypercholesterolemia. Several risk factors including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, bacterial and viral infection, hyperhomocysteinemia have been identified recently, all mediated through inflammation, which can lead to atherosclerosis. Several events have also been identified to be involved in the overall inflammation reaction in the blood vessel which include endothelium dysfunction, expression of adhesion molecules, recruitment of leukocytes to the injured endothelium, migration of monocytes to the arterial intima, and transformation of monocytes to macrophages. In order to facilitate the assessment of early risk for atherogenesis we have made an effort in this review to identify soluble markers that will allow the detection of these risk factors and the identification of associated inflammation events. Since early risks for atherogenesis are largely preventable with dietary modification and lifestyle changes, capable of detecting early risks by monitoring soluble risk markers is conceivably important for asymptomatic individuals to avoid serious or fatal consequences of atherosclerosis. These soluble markers should also be useful for monitoring the effectiveness of intervention and for the identification of therapeutic targets.
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PMID:Linking inflammation and atherogenesis: Soluble markers identified for the detection of risk factors and for early risk assessment. 1634 70

Hypertension is one of the components of the metabolic syndrome. The "deadly quartet," as this syndrome is often referred to, also includes atherogenic dyslipidemia; hyperglycemia and/or insulin resistance (IR); and abdominal obesity. More than 47 million people in the United States have the metabolic syndrome, with a higher prevalence in certain ethnic groups. This is expected to rise significantly in the future, in large part due to the obesity epidemic. The relative contribution of each of the constituents of this syndrome varies according to the population in which it occurs, but the significance of these variations is not known. In this article, we review the role of hypertension in the metabolic syndrome, its complex association with obesity and IR, and its disproportionate contribution to the syndrome in certain ethnic groups (specifically US blacks).
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PMID:Role of hypertension in the metabolic syndrome: who is affected? 1638 97

The metabolic syndrome is a common cluster of risk factors for coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus that includes obesity, elevated blood pressure, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome itself appears to be an important risk factor for atherogenic cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and there is recent evidence that its components cluster, rather than occurring together by coincidence. A recent statement from the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute slightly modifies and clarifies the diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome that are most widely used in the United States, along with giving practical guidance about management. Prompt therapeutic attention to the underlying risk factors--abdominal obesity, physical inactivity, and atherogenic/diabetogenic diet--is warranted for all patients with the metabolic syndrome, and drug therapy for specific metabolic risk factors should be considered for those at high or moderately high 10-year absolute risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. A new class of investigational drugs that block cannabinoid type 1 receptors have shown promise. This review also discusses issues that require additional research and new drugs that are considered promising for treatment of the metabolic syndrome itself.
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PMID:A constellation of complications: the metabolic syndrome. 1647 59

The risk of developing cardiovascular disease has recently been associated with a set of metabolic and physiological risk factors that include abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, and elevated plasma glucose. The term most commonly used to describe this conglomeration of risk factors is the metabolic syndrome. Coronary heart disease risk is tripled in those individuals with this syndrome. Primary treatment focuses on weight reduction and physical activity to reduce risk factors and prevent the progression to cardiovascular disease. This article will review the definition, prevalence, pathogenesis, and treatment of the metabolic syndrome in women and will discuss the role of polycystic ovarian syndrome in relation to the metabolic syndrome.
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PMID:The metabolic syndrome in women: a growing problem for cardiac risk. 1648 27

An increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality is associated with the metabolic syndrome, a condition characterized by the concomitant presence of several abnormalities, including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance (with or without glucose intolerance or diabetes), microalbuminuria, prothrombotic, and proinflammatory states. Estimates of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome indicate that this condition is now common and likely to increase dramatically over the coming decades, in parallel with greater rates of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Risk factors for the metabolic syndrome are already present in obese children and adolescents. Thus, identifying and treating all affected individuals promptly and optimally are critical to ensure that this potentially challenging healthcare burden is minimized. Here, we review the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemias, and CHD risk. Although changes in lifestyle are fundamental to reducing many of the CHD risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome, pharmacologic interventions also play an important role. Retrospective subanalyses of the effects of statins on coronary event rates and lipid levels in patients with the metabolic syndrome included in clinical trials indicate that these agents are beneficial in correcting the extensive lipid abnormalities that are frequently present in these individuals. However, the optimal management of metabolic syndrome dyslipidemia will depend on the outcomes of future prospective clinical trials. This review examines the underlying causes and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its impact on CHD morbidity and mortality and discusses the role of statins in optimizing its management.
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PMID:The metabolic syndrome: prevalence, CHD risk, and treatment. 1650 41


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