Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0242339 (dyslipidemia)
 13,927 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes parallels the increased prevalence of obesity. Abdominal obesity contributes to insulin resistance. To overcome the insulin resistance, the pancreas makes more insulin, keeping the glucose in the normal range. Eventually, the pancreas will fail, resulting in elevated levels of blood glucose. Thus, to develop type 2 diabetes, an individual must have a defect in insulin sensitivity with an accompanying defect in insulin secretion. In the early stages of the disease, glucose can be controlled with appropriate therapeutic lifestyle changes aimed at lowering insulin resistance. As the disease progresses, one has to use medications. Insulin secretagogues increase insulin levels, whereas insulin sensitizers, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, decrease insulin resistance. The defect in insulin secretion is progressive, and eventually, almost every patient needs exogenous insulin, which may be delayed with appropriate lifestyle changes. Insulin resistance is associated with a clustering of metabolic abnormalities called the insulin-resistance syndrome, which is a component of the metabolic syndrome. Insulin-resistance syndrome includes obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. These abnormalities increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Of people with type 2 diabetes, 70% die from premature cardiovascular disease. Prevention of the complications of diabetes requires good control of not only blood glucose but also other manifestations of the insulin-resistance syndrome, including hypertension and lipid abnormalities.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology of diabetes and obesity in the United States. 1564 25

Lifestyle is an expression of individual choices and their interaction with the environment and is closely associated with risks for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. If taken cumulatively this syndrome may be referred to as "diabesity." The escalating prevalence of obesity among both children and adults is one modifiable dominant risk factor in this triad. An increase in body weight of approximately 2.2 pounds (1 kg) has been shown to increase risk for diabetes by 4.5%. Alternatively, a 5% to 10% decrease in body weight improves diabetes control. The metabolic syndrome of diabetes has been described as a consortium of conditions including dyslipidemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity. In randomized controlled clinical trials, dietary and physical activity interventions have been shown to be effective in decreasing risk for, as well as delaying conversion to, these disorders. Since 1977, 4 hallmark multisite clinical trials have been conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Finland confirming that improved glycemic and hypertensive control of patients through lifestyle interventions can have positive effects on associated complications and longitudinal outcomes. A fifth robust and well-controlled study is currently being conducted in multiple sites in the United States. Dietary behaviors are modulating factors not only in these metabolic and systemic conditions but also in risk for oral diseases such as dental caries. The association between obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and oral health status may be linked by these lifestyle behaviors. Promotion of weight management involves approaches that include diet, physical activity, and behavior modification. Established effective guidelines within these domains may be applicable to current practice and future studies designed to examine the associations between diabesity and oral health status.
 ...
PMID:Lifestyle interventions for "diabesity": the state of the science. 1564 26

Physical inactivity is associated with alteration of normal physiologic processes leading to muscle atrophy, reduced exercise capacity, insulin resistance, and altered energy balance. Bed rest studies in human beings using stable isotopes of amino acids indicate that muscle unloading decreases the turnover rates of muscle and whole-body proteins, with a prevailing inhibition of protein synthesis. In the fasting state, muscle and whole-body nitrogen loss was not accelerated during bed rest. In experimental postprandial states, the amino acid-mediated stimulation of protein synthesis was impaired, whereas the ability of combined insulin and glucose infusion to decrease whole-body proteolysis was not affected by muscle inactivity. Thus, an impaired ability of protein/amino acid feeding to stimulate body protein synthesis is the major catabolic mechanism for the effect of bed rest on protein metabolism. This suggests that a protein intake level greater than normal could be required to achieve the same postprandial anabolic effect during muscle inactivity. Metabolic adaptation to muscle inactivity also involves development of resistance to the glucoregulatory action of insulin, decreased energy requirements, and increased insulin and leptin secretion. These alterations may lead to the development of the metabolic syndrome that is defined as the association of hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and abdominal obesity. This cluster of metabolic abnormalities is a risk factor for coronary artery disease and stroke. Evidence indicates that exercise training programs may counteract all of these abnormalities both in healthy sedentary subjects and in patients affected by a variety of chronic disease states.
 ...
PMID:Metabolic consequences of physical inactivity. 1564 7

Abdominal obesity is a known risk factor for diabetes-related diseases. This study aimed to establish a formula to predict visceral abdominal fat area on the basis of simple clinical and anthropomorphic parameters easily measured in the clinic. We determined visceral fat (V) and subcutaneous fat (S) areas in 115 Japanese women using the standard procedure based on computed tomography (CT) at umbilical level. Furthermore, we measured clinical and anthropometric parameters including height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, skin fold thickness and body fat percentage. In 115 subjects, V area was 87.8+/-52.5 cm2 and S area was 221.1+/-99.7cm2. Abdominal obesity is diagnosed in Japan as a V area > or =100 cm2; on this basis 42 women (37%) had abdominal obesity. The prevalences of diabetes and related diseases were significantly higher among women with abdominal obesity. By simple regression analysis, V and S areas significantly correlated with anthropometric parameters: in particular, V area correlated with waist circumference (r=0.745, p<0.01) and S area with body mass index (r=0.793, p<0.01). However, these parameters were not sufficient to predict V area. By multiple regression analysis using simple parameters, we established the following formula to predict visceal fat: V area = 159.475 + 1.023(age) - 2.119(height) + 1.454(body weight) + 2.841(waist circumference) - 1.208(hip circumference) (r=0.812, p<0.01). The V area calculated by formula correlated (r=0.761) with that determined by CT in a second age-matched group of 31 Japanese women. The present study confirms that visceral adipose tissue is closely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and hypertension, and generated a formula to predict visceral adipose tissue accumulation.
 ...
PMID:Evaluation of visceral adipose accumulation in Japanese women and establishment of a predictive formula. 1566 78

The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors that, in the aggregate, sharply increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The syndrome is characterized by abdominal obesity, a characteristic atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance with or without hyperglycemia, a prothrombotic state, and a proinflammatory state. CVD is the most important clinical sequela of the metabolic syndrome. The syndrome also carries a greatly increased risk for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which in turn increases cardiovascular risk even further. Conventional risk formulas may underestimate actual CVD risk in metabolic syndrome patients because of their concentration of nontraditional risk factors. Management of the metabolic syndrome should focus on weight loss, increased physical activity, and improvement of atherogenic diet. Pharmacologic therapy for lipids and blood pressure will be needed in most cases. The atherogenic dyslipidemia includes high triglyceride, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and small, dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particles. Management should allow for statin in virtually all cases, accompanied by a triglyceride-lowering agent in many cases. Hypertension should be managed aggressively, with a blood pressure target of 130/80 mm Hg. Multiple agents are usually required to treat hypertension. Simultaneous management of multiple risk factors has the potential to greatly reduce the incidence of CVD in individuals with the metabolic syndrome.
 ...
PMID:The metabolic syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. 1570 65

The metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by a clustering of risk factors associated with insulin resistance and abdominal obesity, is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease mortality. Persons with MetS have a wide spectrum of coronary heart disease risk and appropriate evaluation of risk using global risk algorithms. Measurement of other risk markers and subclinical disease is potentially needed to best set treatment goals and accompanying treatment regimens. The presence of MetS risk factors should be considered in global risk assessment. Clinical management emphasizes addressing underlying risk factors predisposing to MetS-specifically overweight/obesity and physical inactivity. Further recommendations are given for clinical risk factors, including atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, insulin resistance/hyperglycemia, prothrombotic state, and proinflammatory state. Clinicians are recommended to assess MetS in their routine practice and to intensify efforts to adequately treat accompanying lifestyle and clinical risk factors.
 ...
PMID:Intensified screening and treatment of the metabolic syndrome for cardiovascular risk reduction. 1572 94

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrinopathy of women of reproductive age, is associated with the early appearance of multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. However, premature atherosclerosis of the carotid artery has not yet been demonstrated in young women with PCOS. Measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is considered an easy and reliable index of subclinical atherosclerosis, which is predictive of subsequent myocardial infarction and stroke. To evaluate the cardiovascular risk of PCOS and the participation of the hyperandrogenemic and metabolic pattern, we measured carotid IMT by B-mode ultrasound as well as hormonal and several cardiovascular disease-associated parameters in 75 young women with PCOS and 55 healthy, age- and body mass index-matched women. The PCOS women had significantly increased carotid IMT (0.58 vs. 0.47 mm, P < 0.001) and abdominal adiposity; higher levels of androgens, insulin, homeostasis model assessment score of insulin sensitivity, and total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; and significantly lower levels of SHBG and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. In the studied population (n = 130), PCOS status, age, body mass index, and parental history of coronary heart disease were strong positive predictors of carotid IMT, whereas dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was a strong negative predictor. In PCOS patients lower delta4-androstenedione and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were additionally strong positive predictors of carotid IMT, whereas in control women only total cholesterol was the additional positive predictor of carotid IMT. In conclusion, young women with PCOS have an early increase of cardiovascular risk factors and greater carotid IMT, both of which may be responsible for subclinical atherosclerosis. The hyperandrogenemic phenotype of the syndrome may attenuate the consequences of the dysmetabolic phenotype on the vascular wall.
 ...
PMID:Association of hyperandrogenemic and metabolic phenotype with carotid intima-media thickness in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. 1574 Dec 56

The metabolic syndrome is a term used to indicate the presence of a cluster of conditions associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, and early mortality. A fairly common condition in the elderly, it is caused primarily by physical inactivity and excessive calorie intake and characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, impaired fasting glucose, dyslipidemia, and prehypertension. Numerous clinical trials have demonstrated that a lifestyle of moderate-intensity, physical activity for 30 minutes a day, most days of the week, combined with weight loss of 5-7%, can reverse individual components of the metabolic syndrome. When lifestyle modifications are insufficient, a multidrug regimen may be necessary to treat different components of the metabolic syndrome. This paper reviews current literature on the metabolic syndrome, including its causes, incidence and approaches for successful treatment.
 ...
PMID:Prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome in the elderly. 1578 43

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, including impaired glucose metabolism, hypertension, dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity. It is a precursor to type 2 diabetes and a powerful independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle changes, such as a diet high in saturated fats and a lack of physical exercise, have contributed to a worldwide increase in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its associated complications. Identification and effective management of patients with the metabolic syndrome is important to reduce their risk of subsequent disease. Lifestyle modifications are an essential first step, and lipid-lowering therapy may also be required to achieve the lipid goals set out in current treatment guidelines. Statins are the most effective class of lipid-lowering drugs. Recent studies in patients with type 2 diabetes or the metabolic syndrome have shown that rosuvastatin was more effective than atorvastatin, simvastatin or pravastatin in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and enabling patients to reach lipid goals.
 ...
PMID:Cardiovascular risk: prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. 1595 4

Studies have highlighted the association between insulin resistance (IR) and several cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, including hypertension (HTN), obesity, dyslipidemia (i.e. high triglyceride and low HDL-cholesterol) and glucose intolerance, in a cluster known as the metabolic syndrome (MS). There are few data on the frequency of the MS and dyslipidemia in developing countries, and none in South America. To estimate the prevalence of the MS and its components in Zulia State, Venezuela, and to establish associated demographic and clinical factors, we evaluated 3108 Hispanic men and women aged 20 years or older from a cross-sectional survey of a random representative sample from each health district in Zulia State, Venezuela (1999-2001). Prevalence of the MS and dyslipidemia was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)/Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. The age-adjusted prevalence of MS and dyslipidemia was 31.2% and 24.1%, respectively, with higher rates in men than in women. Prevalence rates increased with age and with the degree of obesity. MS prevalence was lower in Amerindian (17.%) compared to Black (27.2%), White (33.3%) and Mixed (37.4%) men, but no differences were found among women. Overall, low HDL-cholesterol (65.3%), abdominal obesity (42.9%) and HTN (38.1%) were the most frequent MS components. After adjusting for age, sex and race groups, family history of diabetes, obesity and HTN were associated with the MS. Sedentary lifestyle also increased the risk of MS, event after adjusting for the same covariates, obesity and the degree of IR. These results suggest that MS is found in approximately one-third of the Venezuelan adult population in Zulia State, with higher prevalence in men related to the presence of dyslipidemia. Lifestyle interventions in MS subjects are needed in Venezuela to halt the burden of CV disease and diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence and risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in White, Black, Amerindian and Mixed Hispanics in Zulia State, Venezuela. 1595 88


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>