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Query: UMLS:C0242339 (dyslipidemia)
 13,927 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The observed reduction in macrovascular outcomes in the United Kingdom Progressive Diabetes Study (UKPDS) trial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), treated intensively with insulin or sulfonylureas, was of borderline significance (p = 0.052). This may be because of the role of factors other than glycemic control in the etiology of macrovascular disease. The UKPDS and other studies have suggested that lipid parameters are potent predictors of adverse outcomes in patients with type 2 DM. In patients with DM, dyslipidemia is characterized by elevated serum triglycerides and low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) with normal total serum cholesterol levels and usually accompanied by an elevation of atherogenic, small, dense low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) particles. Dyslipidemia is only partly corrected by dietary and lifestyle modifications and pharmacological glycemic control in patients with DM. Several guidelines, including those published by the New Zealand Heart Foundation, suggest that lipid-modifying therapies are appropriate in patients considered to be at high or very high risk of a cardiac event. This includes patients with established vascular disease. Some recent studies suggest that patients with type 2 DM have risk comparable to patients without DM, but have experienced previous myocardial infarction (MI). Subgroup analysis of trials including the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) and Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE), which included patients with DM, have shown a significant reduction in adverse outcomes, although many patients with DM and dyslipidemia were excluded. Of lipid-lowering drugs, fibric acid derivatives are probably the most appropriate for patients with DM and dyslipidemia and their role is being evaluated in large, long-term outcome studies such as Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD). Thiazolidinediones, a new class of compound for treating patients with type 2 DM, primarily exert their glucose-lowering effect by increasing insulin sensitivity at the level of skeletal muscle, and to a lesser extent, at the liver by decreasing hepatic glucose output. Some of their actions are mediated through binding and activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, a nuclear receptor that has a regulatory role in differentiation of cells, especially adipocytes. The nonhypoglycemic effects of thiazolidinediones, therefore, offer additional potential mechanisms for benefit in patients with type 2 DM and insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones increase serum HDL-C levels. Troglitazone and pioglitazone have been shown to decrease serum triglyceride levels. Rosiglitazone, conversely has no significant effect on serum triglyceride levels. All of the thiazolidinediones increase serum LDL-C levels (pioglitazone to a lesser extent), although changes in the size of the LDL fraction may render it less susceptible to oxidation and, therefore, less atherogenic. A randomized comparative trial needs to be undertaken to determine whether true differences exist between the thiazolidinediones. Longer studies need to be undertaken to assess their effect on cardiovascular outcomes.
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PMID:Management of co-existing diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia: defining the role of thiazolidinediones. 1472 95

Angiographic profile of fifty young patients of coronary artery disease aged 40 or under were analysed and compared with those of fifty older patients. Mean age of younger and older group was 36.34 (range 28 to 40 years) and 55.28 (44-74 years) years respectively and most of the patients were male in both the group (92 Vs 94%). Older patients were more diabetes (40 Vs 24%) and hypertensive (38 Vs 60%) but the younger patients had more family history of premature coronary artery disease (50% Vs 24%). The incidence of smoking and dyslipidemia did not vary between the two groups. Older patients had more history of myocardial infarction (69 Vs 58%) but angina were more in young patients (42 Vs 31%). Coronary angiography revealed more number of multivessel disease in older patients (74 Vs 54%) but the younger patients had more normal coronary arteries and single vessel disease (46 vs 26%). Coronary athesclerosis was also extensive in older patients as revealed by the higher coronary score, more involvement of coronary segments, more number of diseased and diffusely involved coronary vessel in older patients. Older patients needed more revasalarization process (74 Vs 60%), more coronary bypass surgery (40 Vs 24%) and had more inoperable vessels (16% Vs 4%) than the younger patients. So the younger patients having less extensive coronary artery athesclerosis with better prognostic probability should be evaluated angiographically for further definitive management in the from of revascularization.
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PMID:Coronary artery disease in young adults - angiographic profile. 1474 77

The Tunisian epidemiological data on cardiovascular disease in the hospital environment are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of cardiovascular risk factors and their association in patients hospitalised for coronary disease in coronary care units at Rabta, Charles Nicolle, Habib Thameur and Military hospitals, Tunis, over the period 1994-1998. The clinical features of 6901 patients (75.7% men, 3760 myocardial infarction, 3141 unstable angina) on hospital admission were analysed. The prevalence of smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes and obesity was 86; 49.8; 33.9; 40.7 and 15.2% respectively in the men and 12.9; 52.4; 64.6; 53.4 and 29.8% respectively in women. With this risk factor profile Tunisia has to implement a national strategy of primary prevention and heart health promotion in addition to the efforts recently made in secondary prevention of some chronic disease such as hypertension, diabetes and smoking.
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PMID:[Distribution of cardiovascular risk factors in a Tunisian cohort of 6901 coronary patients]. 1500 6

The management of dyslipidemia in adults with diabetes is receiving more attention. However, there is a paucity of large, prospective, randomized outcome trials designed for diabetic patients. Diabetic dyslipidemia is characterized by an increase in triglyceride levels, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations, and small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. The treatment goals include an LDL cholesterol less than 100 mg/dL, triglyceride level less than 150 mg/dL, and an HDL greater than 40 mg/dL for men and more than 50 mg/dL for women. In the Diabetic Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, fenofibrate resulted in a 42% less increase in the percent stenosis, as assessed by quantitative coronary arteriography. The Heart Protection Study documented the unambiguous benefit of simvastatin in reducing all-cause mortality among 5963 diabetic patients. The Lescol Intervention Prevention Study observed a reduction in major adverse cardiac events in diabetics undergoing percutaneous intervention who received fluvastatin. The Veterans Affairs HDL Cholesterol Intervention Trial reported a reduction in major coronary events among 627 diabetic patients with low HDL cholesterol who sustained a myocardial infarction. The Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetics (FIELD) Trial (n = 9795), the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD, n = 10,000), the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (ASPEN, n = 2421), and the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS, n = 2140) will provide the prospective outcome data that are needed for the management of patients. Combination drug therapy will be necessary to achieve treatment goals. Careful monitoring will be required to avoid myositis and hepatotoxicity.
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PMID:Clinical trials and lipid guidelines for type II diabetes. 1505 51

A 28-year-old, moderately obese man with dyslipidemia (low-density lipoprotein 163 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein 33 mg/dL), hypertension, active tobacco use (1 pack per day), and a family history for premature coronary artery disease (CAD) initially presented with burning, nonexertional chest discomfort exacerbated by deep inspiration. His initial electrocardiogram (ECG; Fig. 1A) was interpreted as pericarditis because of the diffuse mild ST-segment elevation and PR-segment depression. An echocardiogram demonstrated normal left ventricular systolic function and a trivial pericardial effusion. He was treated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatories and his symptoms resolved. Follow-up ECG performed the next morning (Fig. 1B) demonstrated sinus rhythm, persistent mild ST elevation, and biphasic T waves in leads V3-V4 as well as in leads III and aVF. Four months later, the patient returned with similar symptoms of chest discomfort and was admitted with the diagnosis of unstable angina. The admission ECG was unremarkable showing no persistent PR or ST-T abnormalities. He was ruled out for myocardial infarction by serial enzymes. An exercise myocardial perfusion imaging study was obtained. The patient exercised for 7 minutes 33 seconds on a standard Bruce protocol, obtained 9.4 METs, and reached 69% of maximum predicted heart rate. His exercise ECG revealed up to 2.5 mm of ST-segment elevation in leads V3-V5 accompanied by chest discomfort. The patient's chest pain resolved with cessation of exercise and 1 sublingual nitroglycerin. The ECG returned to baseline within 3 minutes of recovery. He was referred for coronary angiography and was found to have a proximal left anterior descending (LAD) stenosis and underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting. He was discharged home on postprocedure day 3.
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PMID:The importance of the evolution of ST-T wave changes for differentiating acute pericarditis from myocardial ischemia. 1507 82

This consensus document was one of the objectives of the I Meeting of the Spanish Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery, the Spanish Interventional Neuroradiology Group of the Spanish Society of Neuroradiology, and the Cerebrovascular Disease Study Group of the Spanish Society of Neurology, which was held in October 2002 in Cordoba. Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular disease of true epidemic proportions. It is the first cause of death in developed countries and responsible for one quarter of documented deaths worldwide. Atherothrombotic ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack and atherothrombotic origin symptomatic or asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease are all associated with a high risk of vascular death, myocardial infarction and recurrent stroke. In this context, vascular disease represents a serious public health problem, particularly if we take into account current forecasts on population ageing. The prevention of atherosclerosis - and its consequences, if its clinical manifestations are already apparent - is therefore a priority. This multidisciplinary consensus document draws on the different medical specialties dealing with these patients and combines efforts to obtain the greatest possible benefit as regards this disease's management. The consensus document makes a global analysis of atherosclerosis prevention, basically in terms of therapeutic objectives, lifestyle change measures, high bloodpressure management, dyslipidemia, other vascular risk factors and platelet antiaggregation. Emphasis is placed on the frequent coexistence of cerebrovascular and peripheral arterial involvement, and the methods of detecting silent involvement. Lastly, consensus is reached on the diagnostic methods and specific management of atherothrombotic carotid disease, including the benefits and risks of and indications for carotid endarterectomy, and the current role of carotid angioplasty.
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PMID:[Atherothrombotic carotid disease: towards a consensus on its prevention]. 1513 38

Diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are common disorders, and their prevalence is predicted to increase over the next several decades. The major serious complication of these disorders is large vessel atherosclerosis leading to myocardial infarction and stroke. Aggressive control of hypertension and dyslipidemia can significantly reduce risk for cardiovascular events, but a large amount of residual cardiovascular disease remains. A major remaining question is the potential role of aggressive glucose control for reducing macrovascular event rates in patients with diabetes. An ongoing trial addresses this issue, and a large number of other concurrent trials address several novel therapeutic strategies to reduce further the cardiovascular complications of diabetes or IGT. Many of these strategies test approaches that may directly target the vessel wall. Therapeutic modalities currently being evaluated include thiazolidinediones, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin II receptor blockers. Most of these trials will report their findings in the next 5 years. It is likely that the results of ongoing trials will significantly improve our approach to managing cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes and IGT.
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PMID:Strategies in ongoing clinical trials to reduce cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. 1517 14

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has traditionally been considered a disease of adults. However, in the last 2 decades, it is increasingly being reported in children and adolescents. Obesity is a strong correlate, and the increasing prevalence of obesity and poor physical activity is precipitating type 2 DM at younger ages in the ethnic groups at risk. Indians and other South Asians are among the ethnic groups particularly prone to insulin resistance and type 2 DM, the other racial groups being some American Indian tribes like the Pima Indians, Mexican Americans,Pacific Islanders and African Americans,among others. The WHO has predicted that India will have the greatest number of diabetic individuals in the world by the year 2025. Type 2 DM starting during adolescence puts the individual at risk for major morbidity and even mortality right during the productive years of life. The microvascular complications of DM (nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy) are brought on at an early age. In addition, type 2 DM and obesity are two components of a metabolic syndrome of insulin resistance, the other features of which include hypertension, dyslipidemia and hypercoagulability of blood. All these conditions together increase the risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality and morbidity (i.e., myocardial infarction and stroke). The resulting economic burden will be enormous. Type 2 DM and the insulin resistance syndrome are to a large extent preventable. Adoption of a healthy eating and physical activity pattern has resulted in decreasing the development of DM in a few recent studies from various parts of the world. A concerted,multi-pronged effort is needed, involving the general public, pediatricians and general physicians, teachers and schools, the media,the government and professional medical bodies, to generate a momentum towards the goal of prevention of type 2 DM and the insulin resistance syndrome in the young population of India.
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PMID:IAP National Task Force for Childhood Prevention of Adult Diseases: insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in childhood. 1518 Dec 95

Dyslipidemia and vascular inflammation play critical roles in the onset of acute coronary syndromes including myocardial infarction. Recent advances in cardiovascular medicine demonstrate that lipid-lowering therapy by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) prevents acute coronary complications, probably by limiting inflammation in atheroma. Although a number of studies have suggested various effects of statins on vascular dysfunction independent of lipid lowering, the clinical benefits of such effects are not established as yet.
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PMID:Effects of statin therapy on vascular dysfunction. 1523 17

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and is responsible for 45% of deaths in the western world and 24.5% of deaths in the developing countries. In the 21st century these diseases will continue to dominate the disease spectrum and death statistics in both the industrialised and developing worlds. Since 1975 mortality from cardiovascular disease has decreased by about 24 to 28% in most countries. About 45% of this reduction can be attributed to an improvement in treatment of coronary heart disease and around 55% are attributable to a reduction in risk factors, in particular, stopping smoking and control of hypertension. However, especially in the case of ischaemic heart disease, it is not clear whether the reduction in mortality reflects a reduction in incidence of this disease. Due to the aging population and the reduction in age-related mortality, it is expected that the absolute number of people with heart disease will increase. Furthermore, the increase in prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes as well as the higher prevalence of female smokers compared with thirty years ago could result in an increase in mortality over the next years and decades. It has been shown that prevention strategies, such as education campaigns aimed at the general public, can potentially greatly contribute to a reduction in incidence of cardiovascular disease at every stage. In order for such campaigns to be effective, it is necessary to understand and reduce the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. A large proportion of these risk factors are associated with lifestyle and are therefore modifiable. These modifiable risk factors include smoking, hypertension, poor diet, dyslipidemia, lack of exercise, overweight, adiposity and diabetes mellitus and optimisation of these should be a key aim for all adults. Gender differences also play a role in the incidence and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Incidence of myocardial infarction in women increases significantly after the menopause, and mortality through coronary heart disease is higher amongst women than men. Hormonal status, use of oral contraceptives and pregnancy all influence risk for cardiovascular disease in women. Due to the enormity of the problem that cardiovascular disease presents to society and the great potential for management of risk factors for cardiovascular disease through preventive medicine, a number of health promotion and prevention programmes have been initiated by various national and global organisations. This paper presents an analysis of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease together with a review of targeted prevention programmes aiming at reducing these risks.
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PMID:[Risk management of coronary heart disease-prevention]. 1528 2


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