Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0242172 (pelvic inflammatory disease)
 3,755 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A significant proportion of women with PID will have their disease complicated by a TOC. We conclude that it is appropriate in women with this stage of PID to treat initially with clindamycin and an aminoglycoside. In addition, since more than half of the women will suffer reproductive difficulties, efforts to improve early diagnosis and therapy should continue. Based on our data, an early infertility evaluation is indicated in women wishing to conceive after complicated PID.
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PMID:Reproductive outcome after medical management of complicated pelvic inflammatory disease. 316 91

PID is a serious health problem that affects the reproductive potential of women. Education regarding risk factors and prevention of PID are primary prevention strategies that can minimize loss of future fertility potential. Acute episodes of PID can be successfully managed by clinicians using a high index of suspicion and initiating prompt, aggressive treatment for patients and partners. Ongoing follow-up and counseling can minimize repetitive threats to reproductive loss and circumvent the need for reparative fertility surgery.
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PMID:Pelvic inflammatory disease: education for maintaining fertility. 319 20

Synthetic estrogen-gestagen preparations represent a practically 100% efficient birth control method that in addition have a regulating effect on the menstrual cycle, while lowering the frequency with which such diseases as PID. However, side effects due to the metabolic influence of the steroids limit their usage. During recent years, contraceptives with varying steroid contents, imitating the variations of the level of sex hormones in the blood during the menstrual cycle, so-called triphasic contraceptives, have been used. The article describes a comparative study of the efficiency and tolerance of two hormonal contraceptives, containing low doses of steroid components: monophasic Rigevidon and triphasic Triquilar. 110 healthy women aged 20-41 using these two contraceptives for a period of 3-12 months were observed. 14.5% using Rigevidon and 16.4% using Triquilar developed side-effects, e.g., coarsened mammary glands and gastrointestinal irregularities (with a frequency almost twice as high for Rigevidon users), headaches, and nausea. The side effects usually occurred during the first months of usage and then disappeared. Intermenstrual bleeding was observed 1.5 times less frequently for users of Rigevidon. No instances of arterial hypertension were reported. Planned pregnancies occurred for 14 of 15 patients within 6 months after discontinuation of the contraceptive. Spontaneous menstruation reoccurred during 26-35 days for all patients taking Rigevidon and for 96.5% of women using Triquilar. Triquilar shows less pronounced influence on the systolic and diastolic indicators than Rigevidon and the frequency of interrupted menstrual cycles during the first months of contraception was lower. High efficiency, low frequency of side effects, absence of clinically manifested complications reflect the high acceptability of the estrogen-gestagen-containing contraceptives, Rigevidon and Triquilar.
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PMID:[Acceptability of hormonal contraceptives with a low steroid content]. 319 8

In a follow-up evaluation of 3721 Multiload IUD users, the removal rate for medical reasons other than bleeding/pain was only 2.6 per 100 women at three years. Most of these removals were for reasons that appeared to be unrelated to IUD use. The removal rate for pelvic inflammatory disease was 0.3 per 100 woman years. Women were followed up for up to three years after removal of their IUDs. Among women with PID at least 70% of those who desired pregnancy subsequently became pregnant, a rate similar to that of women who had their IUDs electively removed to become pregnant. The study provides further data on the safety of intrauterine contraception.
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PMID:Medical removals of the Multiload IUD. 321 69

The relationship between IUD and ectopic pregnancy was evaluated in a study involving 189 controls and 69 women with ectopic pregnancy. The patients involved were between the ages of 18 and 45, sexually active, without previous tubal ligation; they were interviewed about previous pregnancies, diseases, abortions and their socio-economic status. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy was made using serum pregnancy tests, needle biopsies of the Douglas pouch and/or ultrasound and/or laparoscope. The results show that there is no statistical difference between patients using the IUD with a history of previous PID and those with previous PID who had never used an IUD; instead, there is a 10-fold risk in women affected by PID, regardless if IUD use. Women who had used an IUD for less than 3 years showed a smaller risk than those who had used the IUD for a greater period of time. Finally there was no difference in women not affected by PID, regardless of IUD use. This ultimately correlates with the notion that one of the mechanisms of action of the IUD consists of an endometrial inflammation as seen in foreign-body reactions.
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PMID:[Correlation between use of IUD and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) as independent variables and risk of occurrence of ectopic pregnancy]. 324 40

The norms of our society have changed in the last decades. This also concerns our general attitude towards sexuality. Professional demands on the parents, increasing material independence of adolescents, excessive exposure to external stimuli lead to sexual contacts at a very early age. Contrary to a more accelerated physical development, which manifests itself in a progressively earlier puberty, psychic development is retarded. According to numerous studies pregnancies in adolescents do not show increased somatic complications. They do, however, influence the psychic maturation of the adolescents in a negative way. Whereas the necessity for sexual education is unquestioned, the efficacy is doubtful. Knowledge of contraception and its correct use is not enough to avoid undesired pregnancies. The psychic structure of the individual may often lead to an undesired pregnancy. Therefore, we recommend for adolescents contraceptives which are reliable, without negative effect on fertility and with neglibile side-effects. The number of failures and the inconvenience realted to their use make conventional methods unacceptable. The danger of PID and the risk of later sterility contraindicate the use of IUD in adolescents. Today the method of choice is a low-dose contraceptive which contains a gestagen of the third generation. The premenopausal state is the time in which cycles become irregular and in which an increasing hormonal insufficiency is observed. Therefore, women over forty years need reliable contraception as well as hormonal substitution. Increase of cardiovascular risk was observed in women when high-dose contraceptives were given. This was obvious in the more than forty year old women taking the pill.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Prevention of pregnancy in adolescents and premenopausal females]. 331 59

PID is a major medical, economic, and public health problem in the United States. It is the most common serious complication of sexually transmitted diseases among young women. Of great concern is the increasing incidence of adverse reproductive consequences that are thought to be directly related to PID. The most common and important sequelae are tubal factor infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Retrospective serologic evidence has been generated by many studies implicating previous chlamydial infection as a major cause of tubal factor infertility and probably of ectopic pregnancy. Treatment of PID must include regimens effective against a broad range of pathogens, including N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases. Pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in women. 333 83

Most pregnant women who have Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) in the uterine cervix are asymptomatic. Several ways of detecting C.trachomatis were tested on 331 pregnant women, as well as 146 female patients attending our STD clinic as a control. 1) The detection rates for C.trachomatis in the cervix of pregnant women were 5.1% using the cell culture method, 2.4% with Micro Trak, and 2.2% employing Chlamydiazyme. These rates were higher in those patients visiting the STD clinic. 2) In pregnant women, the positive rate of Chlamydiazyme was 66.7% in the cell culture-positive cervical specimens, whereas Micro Trak was positive in 33.3%. 3) The antibody-positive rate was 84.6% in cases with PID caused by C.trachomatis. The antibody was found in only 17.7% of the pregnant women. Additionally, no significant correlation was noted between the antibody titer and C.trachomatis colonization in specimens obtained from the cervix of pregnant women. Although Micro Trak, Chlamydiazyme and possibly the microplate immunofluorescence antibody technique can be substituted for a cell culture method for detecting C.trachomatis in cases of symptomatic infection, these tests are not considered to be useful for screening Chlamydia-positive pregnant women.
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PMID:[Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by several methods in the uterine cervix of pregnant women]. 336 Nov 74

With recent advances in the development of detection methods, the number of STD (Sex transmitted disease) cases detected is greater than ever. Among many STD, Chlamydia trachomatis (= CT), a microbe that has been given a great deal of attention in the urologic field as a cause of nonspecific urethritis and has a characteristic life cycle, has been gradually proved to exist commonly and to become a cause of various obstetrical and gynecological diseases. However, as it is clinically still unknown which symptoms are actually influenced by CT, we studied infection with CT in 706 cases, consists of a group of patients with some symptoms and an asymptomatic group mainly consisting of pregnant women. As a result, the positive rate was found to be 12.3% (87 cases); 10.8% (21 out of 194) in asymptomatic pregnant women, 11.0% (13 out of 118) in patients with cervicitis, and 14.9% (30 out of 202) in patients with adnexitis including PID. As to age, the positive rate was highest, 23.1%, in patients under 20 years old. In fact, 1) CT positive pregnant women are not rare, and 2) CT was detected in high frequency in the young generation under 20 years old; and in these young women, the possibility of transmission of the disease to the infant in the birth canal should be considered in connection with future pregnancy and delivery. Tubal sterility may also result. We concluded that it was necessary to establish a satisfactory examination system.
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PMID:[Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the female patients]. 337 74

The usefulness of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement was studied in a population of 152 patients admitted to a gynaecological emergency unit. Fifty-one of 55 patients with PID had raised (over 10 mg/l) (13-270 mg/l) CRP levels with a mean of 76.1 mg/l. CRP was elevated (12-40 mg/l) in 2 of 18 patients with threatened abortion with successful outcome, in 8 of 28 patients with incomplete abortion, and in 2 of 16 patients with ectopic pregnancy. Furthermore, 6 of 35 patients with noninfectious disorders (ovarian cyst, uterine fibroid, unexplained pelvic pains) had slightly elevated (12-59 mg/l) CRP levels. Thus, in this series a CRP greater than 10 mg/l had good sensitivity (93%) and specificity (83%) in the diagnosis of PID. Furthermore, CRP levels became normal much sooner than did erythrocyte sedimentation rate following effective antibiotic therapy, suggesting that it is useful in monitoring therapeutic response.
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PMID:Serum CRP in the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. 343 85


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