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Query: UMLS:C0242172 (pelvic inflammatory disease)
 3,755 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study examines the relationship between a history of induced abortion and current or previous sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and other gynecologic symptoms. Study participants consisted of a cohort of women attending 2 family planning and 1 youth clinic; 192 were admitted with history of induced abortion and 804 women served as controls. A structured interview to obtain data on previous genital infections and gynecologic symptoms was conducted and gynecologic examination was performed. Various types of STDs and gynecologic symptoms were diagnosed including chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, genital herpes, genital warts, cervical human papillomavirus infection, bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. The study found a high frequency of gynecologic symptoms in women with history of induced abortion such as abnormal vaginal discharges, pruritus, genital malodor, deep dyspareunia and urinary symptoms. Moreover, a history of gonorrhea, genital chlamydial infection, genital warts, and genital herpes were 1.5-5 times more common among women who experienced induced abortion. As a consequence of the 3-fold increase in the history of STDs, the study found a 4-fold increase of a history of pelvic inflammatory disease in women with induced abortion history. Considering these findings, women attending clinics for induced abortions could be a good target population for STD information programs and campaigns.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases and gynecologic symptoms and signs in women with a history of induced abortion. 1022 85

The diagnosis and treatment of vaginal and sexually transmitted infections constitute an important part of the activity of the gynaecologist and of the general practitioner. In this review article, we will describe various clinical entities, including bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal Candidiasis, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, Chlamydial infection, and pelvic inflammatory disease. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome will not be described here.
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PMID:[Vaginal infections and sexually transmitted diseases]. 1038 73

Presence of microorganisms in the female lower genital tract (LGT) in concentrations that modify the established normal equilibrium produce different symptoms that make necessary to consult the gynecologist. It is currently accepted that infections of the LGT are due to microorganisms that are normally integrating the internal flora, except for the erroneously called "sexually transmitted diseases" that are caused by external microorganisms. This means that all those microorganisms usually present without causing any disease manifestations may, under certain circumstances and determined concentrations, originate or be associated to infections. Lactobacillus sp. and Corynebacterium sp. are normally the most frequent microorganisms in the vagina together with Streptococcus (aerobe), Streptococcus agalactiae and others like Enterococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Bacteroides sp., Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Fusobacterium, Escherichia coli. Different antibiotic schemes are proposed for different infections (bacterial vaginosis, gonococcia, chlamydial infections, pelvic inflammatory disease). They are discussed in different sections. Trovafloxacin has shown to be effective in the treatment of infections due to Chlamydia with excellent clinical results and a good tolerance. It was effective as single dose therapy in the treatment of acute gonococcia with therapeutic success in 99% of the treated patients. New fluoroquinolones are also effective in the treatment of infections due to aerobial pathogens. The use of trovafloxacin in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease would present great advantages: on one hand, it would cover the wide spectrum of microorganisms responsible for the infection and, on the other, would permit an early switch to oral therapy once the acute phase is over.
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PMID:[Trovafloxacin in gynecology]. 1043 55

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a clinically definable condition that is frequently diagnosed in the primary care setting. Changes in the nomenclature, causative microorganisms, as well as treatment have caused confusion over the last century. BV is currently viewed as a shift in the normal vaginal ecosystem from a predominance of aerobic bacteria to anaerobic bacteria (Soper, 1993), resulting in a malodorous discharge. However, more than one half of clinically diagnosed patients are asymptomatic. Recent evidence indicates that the anaerobes identified as components of BV have been implicated in obstetric complications, postoperative pelvic infections, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Practice issues resulting from this research include the appropriate treatment of asymptomatic women, especially in pregnancy. This article reviews BV from a historical perspective, provides a summary of recent research findings identifying BV as a possible risk factor in various serious medical conditions and their sequelae, and discusses related practice concerns resulting from the implications of these findings.
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PMID:Bacterial vaginosis: a review. 1045 64

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released new guidelines for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in 1998. Several treatment advances have been made since the previous guidelines were published. Part II of this two-part series on STDs describes recommendations for the treatment of diseases characterized by vaginal discharge, pelvic inflammatory disease, epididymitis, human papillomavirus infection, proctitis, proctocolitis, enteritis and ectoparasitic diseases. Single-dose therapies are recommended for the treatment of several of these diseases. A single 1-g dose of oral azithromycin is as effective as a seven-day course of oral doxycycline, 100 mg twice a day, for the treatment of chlamydial infection. Erythromycin and ofloxacin are alternative agents. Four single-dose therapies are now recommended for the management of uncomplicated gonococcal infections, including 400 mg of cefixime, 500 mg of ciprofloxacin, 125 mg of ceftriaxone or 400 mg of ofloxacin. Advances in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis also have been made. A seven-day course of oral metronidazole is still recommended for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women, but intravaginal clindamycin cream and metronidazole gel are now recommended in nonpregnant women. Single-dose therapy with 150 mg of oral fluconazole is a recommended treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis. Two new topical treatments, podofilox and imiquimod, are available for patient self-administration to treat human papillomavirus infection. Permethrin cream is now the preferred agent for the treatment of pediculosis pubis and scabies.
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PMID:Drug treatment of common STDs: Part II. Vaginal infections, pelvic inflammatory disease and genital warts. 1053 86

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a change in vaginal ecosystem where lactobacilli dominate, flora is absent or greatly reduced, and replaced with a mixed, predominantly anaerobic flora, consisting of Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mobiluncus spp, Bacteroides spp, Prevotela spp, Peptostreptococcus spp, Fusobacterium spp and Porphyromonas spp. The concentration of bacteria increases from 100 to 1000 fold in women with BV compared to healthy women. BV has been formerly known as nonspecific vaginitis, Haemophilus vaginitis, Corynebacterium vaginitis, Gardnerella vaginitis and anaerobic vaginintis. BV is the most prevalent form of vaginal disturbances in reproductive age women. The average incidence of BV varies: 10-35% in patients visiting gynaecological wards, 10-30% in patients visiting obstetric wards and 20-60% in patients visiting services of sexually transmitted diseases. A typical clinical symptom of BV is malodorous vaginal discharge. However, more than 50% of all women with BV are asymptomatic. BV has been associated with many gynaecological and obstetric complications such as cervicitis, salpingitis, endometritis, postoperative infections, urinary tract infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, mild abnormal Pap smear results and possible link with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, preterm delivery, premature rupture of the membranes, chorioamnionitis and postpartum endometritis. Factors that increase the risk of BV are multiple partners, exposure to semen, prior trichomoniasis, intrauterine device usage, smoking, indigent population and frequent use of scented soap. Diagnosis of BV is established by Amsel's criteria of which three of four are the following: presence of homogeneous discharge, vaginal fluid pH > 4.5, positive amine test and microscopic analysis of Gram stained smear of vaginal discharge where "clue" cells (epithelial vaginal cells covered with mass of adherent bacteria, mostly coccobacilli) should be detected. The treatment of patients with BV consist of metronidazole or clindamycin, per os or intravaginally. The treatment of asymptomatic women and male sex partners of women with BV is controversial. The aim of the study was to establish the occurrence rate of BV in our women and potential factors increasing the risk of BV. We examined 166 women at the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University School of Medicine, Belgrade. Diagnosis of BV was established by Amsel's criteria. Each woman filled in a special questionnaire. Pregnant women were excluded. BV was diagnosed in 25% (33/166) of women. BV was more common among women with multiple partners. The most prevalent clinical symptom of BV was malodorous vaginal discharge. Vaginal symptoms became more evident after intercourse. Taking into consideration the occurrence rate of BV and its connection with numerous gynaecological and obstetric sequelae, and taking into account that the diagnosis of BV is quick, simple and inexpensive, we suggest that the examination of BV in women becomes a usual procedure.
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PMID:[Bacterial vaginosis. Epidemiology and risk factors]. 1091 61

A community based study was carried out to estimate the load of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among ever married rural women aged 15-44 years and utilisation of a mobile village based treatment facility by them, during 1997. Complete household survey was done in 10 randomly selected villages of Mahindergarh district in Haryana, India. A total of 2325 women were interviewed by auxiliary nurse midwives and were invited for medical examination in a health camp set-up in their village. Sixty-one percent (1415/2325) women reported symptoms of RTIs. Only 35% (812/2325) had their per-speculum examination done. Out of those examined, 32% (263/812) had vaginitis, 21% (175/812) had cervicits, and 19% (156/812) had pelvic inflammatory disease. Vaginal smear of those having discharge revealed that 48% (231/476) had bacterial vaginosis, 0.8% (4/476) had fungal infection 9% (44/496) had trichomonal infection and none was found to be having gonococcal infection. Tests for chlamydial infection could not be performed as the cost was not affordable. Eighty-nine percent of women who reported symptoms of RTIs had not consulted anyone for their problem prior to our village based camp. Only 42% symptomatic and 24% asymptomatics availed the services even in the village based camps. Study revealed high load of reproductive tract infections and low utilisation of treatment facility. In-depth studies are required to understand for high RTI morbidity load and low treatment seeking rate so as to design an appropriate RTI control programme.
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PMID:Community based study of reproductive tract infections among ever married women of reproductive age in a rural area of Haryana, India. 1093 98

Bacterial vaginosis is characterized by a shift from the predominant lactobacillus vaginal flora to an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with an increased risk of gynecologic complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease, postoperative infection, cervicitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and possibly cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The obstetrical risks associated with bacterial vaginosis include premature rupture of membranes, preterm labor and delivery, chorioamnionitis and postpartum endometritis. Despite the health risks associated with bacterial vaginosis and its high prevalence in women of childbearing age, bacterial vaginosis continues to be largely ignored by clinicians, particularly in asymptomatic women.
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PMID:Gynecologic conditions and bacterial vaginosis: implications for the non-pregnant patient. 1096 4

Bacterial vaginosis, the most prevalent cause of vaginal discharge in the United States, is characterized microbiologically by a shift in the vagina away from a lactobacillus-predominant flora and toward a predominantly anaerobic milieu. The cause of bacterial vaginosis is unknown, but the epidemiology of the syndrome suggests that it is sexually associated. Bacterial vaginosis has been associated with various complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, preterm birth, postoperative gynecologic infections, and abnormal Pap smears. Abnormal vaginal flora may also be a biologic risk factor for sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection.
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PMID:Bacterial Vaginosis. 1109 32

Gynecologic manifestations are frequently reported by women with HIV. Although many symptoms also occur in HIV-negative women, the conditions are often more serious, occur more frequently, and are harder to treat in HIV-positive women. A chart groups the infections into four types: viral, bacterial, protozoal, and fungal. The chart includes possible symptoms, how the infection is diagnosed, treatment options, alternative therapies, and other information on the condition. The listed conditions include bacterial vaginosis, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, pelvic inflammatory disease, and molluscum. The most common sexually transmitted diseases, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, are not included.
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PMID:Common gynecologic infections. 1136 73


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