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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To investigate the influence of coffee consumption on iron, zinc and copper status, 64 Sprague-Dawley female rats were assigned to four treatment groups: nonpregnant-given coffee, nonpregnant-given water, pregnant-given coffee and pregnant-given water. The coffee groups received a freeze-dried coffee solution (1.1% w/v) as the sole source of liquids during the 18-day study period; all groups were provided a purified diet marginal in iron ad libitum. On day 18 (of gestation in the pregnant rats), rats were intubated with 0.033 MBq59Fe after an 8 h fast and killed 4, 8, 12 or 24 h post-gavage. Fluid intake was significantly lower in the coffee groups. Coffee did not affect food consumption, weight gain, hemoglobin or hematocrit in either pregnant or nonpregnant rats. In nonpregnant rats, the percentage of 59Fe was lower in plasma and higher in the spleen and erythrocytes in the coffee group than in controls; in pregnant rats the coffee group had a higher percentage of 59Fe in the stomach (at 4 h only), blood, spleen and bone than controls. There were no significant effects of coffee on tissue concentrations of Fe, Zn or Cu in the nonpregnant group, but pregnant rats given coffee had high concentrations of Fe in the liver, bone and placenta, and low placenta Zn concentrations compared to controls. In fetuses, there were trends towards lower weight, length and percentage 59Fe, but higher liver Fe, in the coffee group than in the controls. The results suggest that coffee intake leads to (a) increased attempts at erythropoeisis, an indication of iron deficiency, in both nonpregnant and pregnant rats, and (b) impaired placental Fe transport.
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PMID:Effects of coffee consumption on iron, zinc and copper status in nonpregnant and pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. 920 93

Parasitic diseases are closely related to the lack of sanitation (unavailability of potable water, inadequate disposal of human waste, lack of latrines) or the absence of personal hygiene. They are also closely linked to warm and humid climates, and are therefore considered tropical diseases. This chapter addresses chronic hookworm parasitosis and malaria, and their effect on women's health. Of all Helminthes, hookworms cause the most severe anemia because of iron deficiency due to chronic blood loss. Worldwide, an estimated 51% of pregnant women suffer from anemia-almost twice as many as non-pregnant women. In severe cases (Hb < 70 g/l) the risk of perinatal maternal and child death increases up to 500-fold. Anemia due to maternal deficiency affects the fetus, causes retarded intrauterine growth, and reduces fetal ability to absorb iron provided by the mother. Hookworms are nematodes that infect roughly 1 billion people. Their preferred habitat is the jejunum, where they attach to the mucous tissue to feed, and secrete an anticoagulant causing bleeding. Hookworm infections often begin in childhood. The worm enters the body through the skin and reaches the highest number at the end of adolescence and young adulthood. Little attention has been given to the treatment of pregnant women because of unavailability of safe antiparasitic drugs and fear of teratogenesis. However, there are new treatments, and the anthelminthic drugs may be administered in schools and organized women's groups in communities. During pregnancy anthelminthic treatment can improve maternal, fetal and infant health. Treatment given every 4 months has been shown to interrupt the transmission cycle of the parasite and help to improve the iron status of all women. Therapeutic strategies should be linked to other measures, such as promoting the use of shoes, introduction of potable water, education and treatment of the population at large, especially the school-age population. An estimated 267 million people are annually infected by malaria, a parasitic disease caused by Protozoa of the genus Plasmodium. Malaria is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito and is highly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions located between 40 degrees latitude North and 30 degrees latitude South. It causes acute attacks that leave the human body in such a poor state that health problems resulting from these attacks become chronic. Due to the high mortality and morbidity associated with it, malaria is considered the most serious of tropical diseases and a major public-health dilemma. Pregnant women are at high risk of becoming infected, as well as children in their first years of life. In pregnant women, malaria can cause anemia which can be the major cause of maternal mortality, especially during the first pregnancy. Malaria can also cause fetal anemia which frequently results in retarded intrauterine growth and low birth weight. Prophylactic treatment with antimalarial drugs during pregnancy is recommended in areas where the disease is endemic. The prophylactic treatment should focus primarily on primiparous women who are most susceptible. Chloroquine is safe and effective for antimalarial prophylaxis, and is not teratogenic. Proguanil is also safe for prophylactic use during pregnancy, particularly in areas where P. falciparum is resistant to chloroquine. Mefloquine may be used during the third trimester of pregnancy, only if other antimalarial drugs are unavailable or ineffective.
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PMID:Effects of chronic parasitosis on women's health. 925 75

Sudden death in military recruits with sickle cell trait appears to be related to hyperthermia and its consequences and can probably be prevented by use of sensible precautions and heightened awareness of the risk. Sickle cell disease can be treated by decreasing the proportion of sickle cells through transfusion; indications and pathophysiology of such transfusions are beginning to become clear. Sickle cell disease can be prevented if erythrocytes can be prevented from sickling. Dilution of hemoglobin S within erythrocytes, by stimulating fetal hemoglobin production, increasing cell water, or inducing iron deficiency, can achieve that goal in some patients, but risks and benefits of such treatment are still incompletely understood.
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PMID:Treatment of sickling disorders. 937 64

Iron fortification of wheat breads is the optimal approach for reducing the high prevalence of iron deficiency in wheat-eating developing countries as in Egypt. The effectiveness of some natural iron-fortificants for potential use in Egyptian bread was tested. Defatted soybean flour, soybean flour, soybean hull flour, molasses and fenugreek flour at different levels besides FeSO4.7H2O as standard were separately incorporated in the wheat flour dough. Dough characteristics were studied using a Brabender Farinograph, where addition of such fortificants improves significantly (p < 0.05) the water absorption, development time, dough stability and dough weakening. Good breads with high nutritive value, excellent crust color, crumb grain and high overall acceptability were produced by adding either 10% defatted soybean flour, 5% soybean hull flour, 2% molasses or 4% fenugreek flour. Rat feeding trials have shown a good haematological response, i.e. higher haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) values gained. Additional work is needed to identify other fortification options and to develop targeted fortification programes that will supply iron to all segments of a population in greatest need.
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PMID:Production of iron-fortified bread employing some selected natural iron sources. 939 57

Maternal and child health (MCH) needs in Zimbabwe, existing health care delivery services designed to meet those needs, and the activities and findings of an Earthwatch project to identify and train community peer counselors at Berejena Mission, Masvingo Province, to improve the nutrition and health status of families, especially women and infants, are described. Earthwatch is a worldwide volunteer organization. A longstanding drought has left many women and children in Zimbabwe malnourished. Poor nutrition affects women, pregnancy outcomes, and developing children over both the short and long terms. Major problems which contribute to maternal-child morbidity and mortality in the area include nutritional deficiencies, lack of safe water, and unmet need for family planning. Earlier surveys of maternal nutrition consistently showed iron deficiency, goiters, underweight, and inadequate nutrient intake to be highly prevalent. On the basis of previous assessments, the project focused upon teaching the community health workers how to help families with nutritional deficiencies, family planning, and hygiene needs.
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PMID:Maternal-child health in Zimbabwe. 960 4

Marine fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is believed to be an important source of biologically useful nitrogen to ocean surface waters, stimulating productivity of phytoplankton and so influencing the global carbon cycle. The majority of nitrogen fixation in tropical waters is carried out by the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium, which supplies more than half of the new nitrogen used for primary production. Although the factors controlling marine nitrogen fixation remain poorly understood, it has been thought that nitrogen fixation is limited by iron availability in the ocean. This was inferred from the high iron requirement estimated for growth of nitrogen fixing organisms and the higher apparent densities of Trichodesmium where aeolian iron inputs are plentiful. Here we report that nitrogen fixation rates in the central Atlantic appear to be independent of both dissolved iron levels in sea water and iron content in Trichodesmium colonies. Nitrogen fixation was, instead, highly correlated to the phosphorus content of Trichodesmium and was enhanced at higher irradiance. Furthermore, our calculations suggest that the structural iron requirement for the growth of nitrogen-fixing organisms is much lower than previously calculated. Although iron deficiency could still potentially limit growth of nitrogen-fixing organisms in regions of low iron availability-for example, in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean-our observations suggest that marine nitrogen fixation is not solely regulated by iron supply.
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PMID:Phosphorus limitation of nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium in the central Atlantic Ocean. 1133 77

Cyanobacteria are abundant throughout most of the world's water bodies and contribute significantly to global primary productivity through oxygenic photosynthesis. This reaction is catalysed by two membrane-bound protein complexes, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII), which both contain chlorophyll-binding subunits functioning as an internal antenna. In addition, phycobilisomes act as peripheral antenna systems, but no additional light-harvesting systems have been found under normal growth conditions. Iron deficiency, which is often the limiting factor for cyanobacterial growth in aquatic ecosystems, leads to the induction of additional proteins such as IsiA (ref. 3). Although IsiA has been implicated in chlorophyll storage, energy absorption and protection against excessive light, its precise molecular function and association to other proteins is unknown. Here we report the purification of a specific PSI-IsiA supercomplex, which is abundant under conditions of iron limitation. Electron microscopy shows that this supercomplex consists of trimeric PSI surrounded by a closed ring of 18 IsiA proteins binding around 180 chlorophyll molecules. We provide a structural characterization of an additional chlorophyll-containing, membrane-integral antenna in a cyanobacterial photosystem.
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PMID:A giant chlorophyll-protein complex induced by iron deficiency in cyanobacteria. 1150 44

Provision of sufficient available iron is a prerequisite to ensure the optimal response to recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo). Functional iron deficiency (a state when iron supply is reduced to meet the demands for increased erythropoiesis) is the common cause of rHuEpo hyporesponsiveness in dialysis patients who have normal iron status, even when they are iron-overloaded. Iron supplementation is not justified for this hyporesponsiveness in patients with iron overload due to the potential hazards of iron overload aggravated by intravenous iron therapy. Furthermore, in vivo studies indicated that the promising effect of intravenous iron medication to overcome iron-deficient erythropoiesis is not observed in iron-overloaded haemodialysis (HD) patients. Ascorbic acid, a water-soluble antioxidant as well as a reducing agent, has a number of associations with iron metabolism. Recent research highlights that ascorbic acid can potentiate the mobilization of iron from inert tissue stores and facilitates the incorporation of iron into protoporphyrin in iron-overloaded HD patients being treated with rHuEpo. Interest has turned towards the use of ascorbic acid as an adjuvant therapy in this field. This review focuses on the improvement of rHuEpo response by administration of ascorbic acid and discusses its clinical implications and potential issues for nephrologists.
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PMID:Erythropoietin and iron: the role of ascorbic acid. 1150 82

Although iron deficiency is probably the most important factor affecting response to recombinant erythropoietin (Epo, epoetin), other factors are of significance, including dialysis adequacy. Additionally, water treatment and distribution, sterilizants and the quality of the dialysate in terms of trace elements (particularly chloramine) are of importance in relation to erythropoiesis inhibition. Microbiological or pyrogenic contamination can cause or aggravate anaemia in haemodialysis patients, and the impact of enhanced production of cytokines should be taken into consideration. By removing small and (possibly) medium/large molecules, adequate dialysis is of paramount importance in correcting anaemia and optimizing epoetin therapy. The biocompatibility of dialysis membranes and flux are other important factors. As yet unknown uraemic toxins may suppress erythropoiesis and contribute towards the development of anaemia. It is reasonable to hypothesize that, because anaemia improves after the start of dialysis with cellulose membranes, low molecular weight erythropoiesis inhibitors are involved, as well as medium/large molecular weight inhibitors, which are removed by more permeable membranes. However, in highly selected, adequately dialysed patients without iron or vitamin depletion, the effects of dialysis membrane type on haematological parameters and epoetin efficacy are smaller than might be expected from the results of uncontrolled studies. Improvement in anaemia has been observed using on-line haemofiltration, haemodiafiltration, and sterile dialysate. The results of prospective, randomized trials examining the impact of these factors on anaemia and the effectiveness of epoetin treatment are eagerly awaited.
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PMID:Dialysis: its role in optimizing recombinant erythropoietin treatment. 1159 Feb 54

In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), sensitivity to recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO, epoetin) is of clinical and economic importance. Insight into factors that influence sensitivity and response to epoetin is essential for the adequate management of anaemia. Some factors influencing response to epoetin, such as gender, age, length of time on dialysis, type of dialysis and co-morbidities such as haemoglobinopathy, are not susceptible to clinical intervention. However, many other factors can be controlled. Iron deficiency is the most common factor that limits the response to epoetin. Adequate monitoring of iron status and iron supplementation in patients with CKD will result in a more efficient epoetin response. Increased dialysis dose is associated with improvements in haemoglobin outcome and reduced requirements for epoetin. Dialysis water quality (both chemical and biological) is also important in determining the response to epoetin; 'ultrapure' water reduces epoetin requirements. Some patients, despite adequate epoetin and iron therapy, still have epoetin resistance (low haemoglobin and/or high epoetin requirements). Raised C-reactive protein and/or low albumin may reflect long-standing inflammatory pathology and indicate a need for investigation.
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PMID:Clinical factors influencing sensitivity and response to epoetin. 1181 14


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