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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Marrow hypoplasia is described in CBA/H mice that drank water containing 300 mg/liter cadmium chloride for 12 months. This was characterized by a significant reduction of the totipotent stem cells (CFU-s), granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells (GM-CFUc), and erythroid progenitor cells (CFU-e). The bone marrow cellularity and the proliferative capacity of GM-CFUc in vitro were decreased. The animals reflected these marrow alterations by demonstrating an anemia with reticulocytopenia and neutropenia. They did not show increased mortality or increased susceptibility to infections; however, their body weight was significantly reduced. In addition, iron deficiency was demonstrated in the cadmium-treated mice. The animals had a hypochromia of the peripheral red cells and diminished marrow iron stores. Thus, the anemia of cadmium toxicity is probably the combined result of bone marrow hypoplasia and iron deficiency.
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PMID:Long-term oral cadmium produces bone marrow hypoplasia in mice. 397 72

This study was designed to determine the ACTH-corticosterone response to two types of stress in relation to the daily rhythm of food and water intake in the iron-deficient rat. Rats were fed diets containing 2, 10 or 50 mg iron/kg diet between weaning at 21 days and the stress experiments at 38 or 42 days of age. The two iron-deficient diets (2 and 10 mg iron/kg) resulted in mean hemoglobin concentrations of about 6.0 and 8.5 g/dl, respectively, in contrast to about 12.5 g/dl in the control group receiving 50 mg iron/kg diet. Food and water consumption followed the normal nocturnal pattern, irrespective of iron intake. ACTH and corticosterone showed the normal baseline peaks at the 2000 hour lights-out point in all groups. Responses to handling and placement into another cage were similar in most respects but suggested an inappropriately low corticosterone response despite high ACTH values only at the 2000 hour point. However, there was no evidence of similar differences in response to the more potent stress of an i.p. injection of histamine 1 mg/100 g body weight. In contrast to the reports of more clear-cut effects of iron deficiency on norepinephrine, the changes in ACTH and corticosterone response to stress seem relatively modest.
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PMID:The pituitary-adrenal response to stress in the iron-deficient rat. 609 Jun 19

In the bone-marrow, non-haemoglobin iron can predominantly be found in the reticulum. Slight granules containing iron can also be observed in parts of erythroblasts by means of the Berlin blue reaction. These cells are called sideroblasts. In chemical respect, non-haemoglobin iron consists of ferritin soluble in water and haemosiderin insoluble in water. Erythroblasts will only take their iron from plasma transferrin. For the most part, this iron uptake is being regulated by erythropoietin adapting erythropoiesis to the oxygen requirements of the tissue. The iron contained in erythroblasts is predominantly utilized for haemoglobin synthesis in these cells. A slight part is being taken up by ferritin. The bone-marrow reticulum will phagocytise aged erythrocytes and store liberated iron as ferritin and haemosiderin. Part of the iron is being delivered again to plasma transferrin. With constant serum iron level the liberation of iron from the reticulo-endothelial tissue must correspond to the iron uptake by erythropoiesis. The absence of iron capable of being coloured in the bone-marrow reticulum is considered to be a reliable parameter of iron deficiency. It enables the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia to be made even in those patients with serum iron level and a total iron binding capacity lying within the normal range and no hypochromia of erythrocytes being present. It enables iron deficiency anaemia to be separated from sideropenic anaemia with reticulo-endothelial siderosis in differential-diagnostic manner. Even in patients with sideroblastic anaemia, iron colouring of bone-marrow smears is required for ensuring the diagnosis. Recently, a separation has also been made for idiopathic anaemia with abnormal sideroblasts. In these patients there is an increased risk for acute leukemia to develop.
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PMID:[Iron in bone marrow]. 618 56

Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is effective in raising the octane level of gasoline and is currently used in Canada for that purpose in a maximal concentration of 18 mg Mn/l (slightly less than 0.07 g Mn/U.S. gal). It has been estimated that if MMT were used in all U.S. gasoline in these amounts, the median increase of Mn in ambient air would be not more than 0.05 microgram Mn/m3, with increments generally less than 0.5 microgram Mn/m3 along urban corridors. The scientific literature was reviewed to determine how the increases in environmental manganese predicted from MMT use would relate to the amounts in the natural environment and necessary to life and to the concentrations associated with toxic effects. Even with additional manganese from the use of fuel additives, total Mn intakes would remain within the range of average amounts absorbed from food and water. Respirable manganese in ambient air due to MMT combustion would be many order of magnitude below the concentrations associated with occupational manganism and respiratory problems and also below those reported in isolated episodes of respiratory symptoms in communities near ferromanganese plants. Evidence was reviewed on the possibilities of: (1) increased absorption of inhaled manganese compared with ingested manganese; (2) hypersusceptibility of infants and persons of advanced age; and (3) increased absorption associated with iron deficiency. While relevant to high levels of exposure, these factors would not be expected to lead to toxic effects from the very low concentrations of Mn resulting from MMT use. Experimental animals that inhaled the combustion products of MMT in concentrations of approximately 10, 100, and 1000 micrograms Mn/m3 for 9 mo did not show toxic effects, although there was temporary elevation of tissue levels of Mn. Rhesus monkeys, susceptible to the neurologic effects of Mn, showed no symptoms after inhaling the combustion products of MMT in concentrations of 100 micrograms Mn/m3 for up to 66 wk. Monkeys exposed to 5000 microgram Mn/m3 also showed no symptoms. There is thus a wide margin of safety between the intakes of Mn essential to health and the high concentrations that have been associated with toxic effects. The small amounts of manganese added to the environment by the combustion of MMT used as a fuel additive would be comparable to the normal background and should not create health problems.
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PMID:The health implications of increased manganese in the environment resulting from the combustion of fuel additives: a review of the literature. 638 93

During the past 20 years there have been great developments in the scientific understanding of the role of nutrition in health and physical performance. Epidemiological and physiological studies have provided evidence that certain forms of dietary behaviour may be linked with an increased risk of developing disorders such as high blood pressure, coronary artery disease and some cancers. This has resulted in dietary recommendations that are intended to reduce the incidence of these disorders in the community. The science of nutrition in relation to sports performance has progressed from empirical studies investigating the effects of dietary manipulations, such as restriction and supplementation, to the direct investigation of the physiological basis of the specific nutritional demands of hard physical exercise. This review is based on the premise that it is "what comes out' rather than "what goes in', which provides the clues to ideal nutrition for athletic performance. Various aspects of the physical demands of athletic exercise are viewed as stresses that induce specific biochemical, and hence nutritional, strains in the athlete. Training is the predominant demand in the athletic lifestyle. This is characterised by acute bouts of high power output. During one hour of hard training an athlete may expend 30% of his or her total 24-hour energy output. These high power outputs have important implications for energy substrate and water requirements. Carbohydrate, specifically muscle glycogen, is an obligatory fuel for the high power outputs demanded by athletic sports. Muscle glycogen is a limiting factor in hard exercise because it is held in limited amounts, utilised rapidly by intense exercise, and fatigue occurs when it is depleted to low levels in the active muscles. Liver glycogen may also be exhausted by hard exercise and low blood glucose contributes to fatigue. High sweat rates are demanded during severe exercise and large water deficits commensurate with energy expenditure are incurred during extended periods of hard training and competition. Salt, potassium, and magnesium are lost in nutritionally significant amounts in the sweat, but vitamins and trace elements are not. Adaptive mechanisms protect athletes against electrolyte depletion. Iron loss in sweat may contribute to the iron deficiency seen in some endurance runners. Protein is degraded and amino acids are oxidised during physical exercise. Protein is also retained during muscle building training. Recent investigations indicate that the minimal protein requirements of athletes may be substantially higher than those for sedentary persons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Nutrition and sports performance. 639 Jun 9

Therapy of the malabsorption syndrome centers on adequate diagnosis of the underlying pathology, with vigorous therapeutic efforts directed at correcting this and thereby preventing ongoing losses of nutrients. Dietary therapy includes a high-protein, high-calorie, low-fat diet often supplemented with MCTs in an effort to minimize steatorrhea. Water-soluble vitamin deficiency is rare, but supplementation with small daily doses is innocuous and probably should be prescribed. Significant fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies are seen more commonly and can be monitored by physical examination and the prothrombin time. Calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D deficiencies are more common than originally suspected. Adequate therapy requires monitoring of the serum calcium, magnesium, parathyroid hormone levels, and, optimally, 24-hour urinary collections for calcium. Supplementation of these mineral deficiencies requires ongoing close observation to prevent hypercalcemia. Iron deficiency can be easily diagnosed by available serum iron determination, and replacement with oral supplements is curative. Trace metal deficiencies occur, but our capabilities of detecting and treating them is still in its infancy. Figure 3 outlines our approach to the evaluation and treatment of the patients suspected of having the malabsorption syndrome.
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PMID:Nutritional aspects of malabsorption syndromes. 641 33

The role of iron deficiency in the development of oral candidosis was investigated using the mouse mutant sex-linked anaemia (sla). Susceptibility was assessed in terms of the recovery of organisms, particularly from oral swabs, and histological evidence of infection approximately 10 days after the last exposure to Candida albicans. The influence of three factors was studied in mixed groups of normal and anaemic mice: mode of inoculation, treatment with tetracycline and treatment with hydrocortisone. The most susceptible group had received drinking water containing tetracycline (1 mg/ml), hydrocortisone (0.1 mg/ml) and candida (5 X 10(4) c.f.u./ml for 6 days). Anaemic mice showed a rather higher rate of recovery of organisms and more frequent histological evidence of infection than normal mice in certain groups. Neither of these tendencies was statistically significant alone but, taken together, they suggest that some small difference of susceptibility may exist between normal mice and mice with sla. The mouse model could be of value in studying the influence of several other inherited disorders on susceptibility to candidosis.
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PMID:Experimental oral infection with the yeast Candida albicans in mice with or without inherited iron-deficiency anaemia (sla). 695 63

Through the efforts of Correa, Cuello, Haenszel, Tannenbaum and others it was learned that the incidence of gastric cancer in certain areas of Narino (Colombia) was among the highest in the world. These areas of high risk for gastric cancer were adjacent to an area of substantially lower risk. Gastric biopsies from healthy volunteers residing in the "high risk" area exhibited a greater incidence of superficial gastritis and chronic atrophic gastritis with and without intestinal metaplasia than those from the low risk area. The latter pathological finding is considered to be a precursor lesion to gastric cancer. Volunteers from the "low risk" area as well as individuals from Cali in the coastal region and Cartegena on the coast, also exhibited a similar spectrum of pathology but at a substantially reduced frequency. Natives of both cities were also at lower risk for gastric cancer than inhabitants of Narino. It was found that the water supply of the "high risk" area contained a higher concentration of nitrate than water in the "low risk" area. Correa et al. hypothesized that the high nitrate concentrations of well water contributed to the formation of N-nitroso compounds in the stomachs of these individuals early in life. The occurrence of this putative carcinogen in combination with the abrasive action of dietary grains contributed to a series of mutations in the gastric epithelium progressing through a sequence of pathologic changes, loss of gastric acid and culminating in gastric cancer. In the current report individuals in a Medellin population who were admitted with abdominal complaints and were found to be iron deficient exhibited the same spectrum of gastric pathology described by previous investigators. Superficial gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis and achlorhydria have also been described in association with chronic iron deficiency (and/or associated nutritional defects) per se. The development of these lesions are likely to occur within the first two decades of life when iron requirements are maximal. It is suggested that these changes preceed the development of gastric cancer. Bacterial colonization of the achlorhydric stomach may facilitate nitrate reduction and the formation of a putative carcinogen N-nitroso compound(s) from nitrate in the water supply. Additionally, the effects of chronic iron deficiency on host immune defense may compromise these mechanisms and permit tumor growth with minimal immune intervention.
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PMID:A possible role of iron deficiency in gastric cancer in Colombia. 701 Sep 60

To determine the effects of maternal iron deficiency on lipid composition and fatty acid patterns in offspring, rats were fed ad libitum diets containing 5 ppm iron (deficient) (n=8) or 320 ppm iron (control) (n=7) and deionized water from day-1 of gestation through day-18 of lactation. On day-2 of lactation, litters were standardized to three male and three female pups. On day-18, pups were fasted for 4 hr before tissue and blood collection. Significant changes in serum and liver lipid concentrations and fatty acid patterns were observed in deficient pups. Serum triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids and liver triglycerides, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters were increased. In deficient pups, percentage total fatty acids of 14:0, 16:1, 18:1, 18:2 from serum lipids were increased; in liver, 14:0, 18:2, 18:3 were increased; 18:0 and 20:4 were decreased in both serum and liver. Dam serum lipid levels did not differ between groups. Lipid changes observed in iron-deficient pups did not consistently reflect the milk, serum or liver lipid patterns observed in dams. Altered lipid composition and fatty acid patterns of iron-deficient pups thus appear to be of endogenous origin.
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PMID:Fatty acid patterns in iron-deficient maternal and neonatal rats. 714 52

Two experiments were designed to investigate the effects of early iron deficiency on consummatory behavior in the adult rat. In experiment 1, animals were placed in a novel chamber, either with or without water available. Although there were no effects of iron deficiency per se, the data suggested that decreased caloric intake experienced early in life may have different long-term consequences for males and females. While ad lib control males, and females in all diet conditions, exhibited less elevation of plasma corticosterone when water was available in the novel chamber, calorically restricted males appeared unable to use the cues or reinforcement provided by consummatory behavior to reduce arousal. In Experiment 2, a conditioned taste aversion situation involving conflict, we were able to separate effects due to early iron deficiency from those due to early caloric restriction. When reexposed to milk, calorically restricted (weight control) males exhibited an attenuated plasma corticoid response, compared to that of ad lib control males, while weight control females resembled ad lib control females in their response. Thus, as in Experiment 1, early caloric restriction affected males more than females. Early iron deficiency, however, markedly altered pituitary-adrenal responsiveness in both males and females. Not only was the response to reexposure completely reversed in rehabilitated males and females, but also, the corticoid response to deprivation was increased in rehabilitated males and decreased in rehabilitated females. Taken together with previous data, these results suggest that early iron deficiency alters both behavioral and physiological arousal or responsiveness, and may do so differentially in males than females.
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PMID:Long-term effects of early iron deficiency on consummatory behavior in the rat. 723 71


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