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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Probiotic bacteria are used for production of fermented dairy products. The use of probiotic bacteria has the potential to replenish the natural intestinal flora of the body. These bacteria competitively inhibit the growth and colonization of pathogenic bacteria. Breastmilk is the best food for babies, also from a probiotic point of view. Human milk, in fact, contains many substances that stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria in vitro and in the small intestine of infants. Improvement of lactose digestion and avoidance of symptoms of intolerance in lactose malabsorbers are the most profoundly studied health-relevant effects of fermented milk. In fact fermented milks are nutritionally similar to unfermented milk, except that some of lactose is broken down to glucose and galactose. The role of fermented milk in complementary feeding and in particular for the prevention of anaemia is an innovative theme, recently focused. Iron deficiency in infants and young children is widespread and has serious consequences for child health. Prevention of iron deficiency should therefore be given high priority. The too-early introduction of unmodified cow's milk and milk products is an important nutritional risk factors for the development of iron-deficiency anaemia. Fermented milks represent an excellent source of nutrients such as calcium, protein, phosphorus and riboflavin. During the fermentation of milk, lactic acid and other organic acids are produced and these increase the absorption of iron. If fermented milk is consumed at mealtimes, these acids are likely to have a positive effect on the absorption of iron from other foods.
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PMID:The role of fermented milk in complementary feeding of young children: lessons from transition countries. 1255 42

Dietary habits, especially micronutrient intake, and nutritional status of Vietnamese primary school girls were investigated in a cross-sectional survey. We interviewed 284 girls aged 7 to 9 years old, randomly selected from three rural (N=148) and two urban (N=136) primary schools. Dietary data were calculated from the results of 24-h recall interviews over three consecutive days. The dietary micronutrient pattern of the rural group showed deficiency of iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, beta-carotene, vitamin A and vitamin C. On the contrary, adequate consumption of these elements, except low beta-carotene, was observed in the urban group. Despite a low prevalence of anaemia, the prevalence of rural children with iron deficiency was close to the level regarded as being a public health problem. In contrast, 7.7% of urban children were found to have excessive iron status. Children with exhausted retinol stores (7.1%) requiring immediate retinol supplementation were only found in the rural group. Furthermore, the prevalence of children with marginal retinol stores in both the rural (35.7%) and urban (21.4%) groups was above the level of being a public health problem (20%). In both groups, more than 50% and 20% of children showed beta-carotene and tocopherol levels in the range of severe deficiency, respectively. Thus, nutritional education to improve the dietary habits of the two groups is necessary for Vietnamese primary school children.
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PMID:Micronutrient status of primary school girls in rural and urban areas of South Vietnam. 1281 Apr 8

Young Aboriginal children in remote regions of tropical and desert Australia are at risk of developing urate stones in their upper urinary tract from an early age. These radiolucent calculi were only recognized with the availability of ultrasound diagnosis and are not associated with anatomic anomalies or abnormal uric acid production/metabolism. Although these stones appear to resolve spontaneously after the weaning period, some result in ureteric obstruction and infection which may lead to renal damage. This pattern of urolithiasis differs from the usual global urolithiasis pattern of either endemic bladder stones in young children in developing countries or predominantly calcium-based stones in upper tracts of older children and adults in affluent industrialized countries, where upper tract urate stones account for only a minority of childhood urinary tract stones. Risk factors for urate stones are low urine output and acidic urine. An association between urolithiasis and carbohydrate intolerance leading to chronic acidosis has been suggested for Aboriginal children, but existing limited evidence does not support this as a major aetiological factor. Although further studies on the epidemiology, natural history and management of these urate stones are needed, we believe the focus should be on improving the known social and environmental risk factors of remote Aboriginal children during the weaning period which contribute to the unacceptably high prevalence of failure to thrive, diarrhoeal disease, environmental enteropathy, iron deficiency and urolithiasis.
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PMID:Unique pattern of urinary tract calculi in Australian Aboriginal children. 1288 59

Rickets, once thought vanquished, is reappearing. In some less developed countries it hardly went away. This seminar reviews the effects of genes, stage of development, and environment on clinical expression of the disease. Rickets can be secondary to disorders of the gut, pancreas, liver, kidney, or metabolism; however, it is mostly due to nutrient deficiency and we concentrate on this form. Although calcium deficiency contributes in communities where little cows' milk is consumed, deficiency of vitamin D is the main cause. There are three major problems: the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding for long periods without vitamin D supplementation, particularly for babies whose mothers are vitamin D deficient; reduced opportunities for production of the vitamin in the skin because of female modesty and fear of skin cancer; and the high prevalence of rickets in immigrant groups in more temperate regions. A safety net of extra dietary vitamin D should be re-emphasised, not only for children but also for pregnant women. The reason why many immigrant children in temperate zones have vitamin D deficiency is unclear. We speculate that in addition to differences in genetic factors, sun exposure, and skin pigmentation, iron deficiency may affect vitamin D handling in the skin or gut or its intermediary metabolism.
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PMID:Rickets. 1458 42

Food intake and dietary patterns in Kenyan households have been studied since the 1920s. Reports on breastfeeding, nutrient intake, micronutrient deficiencies and the impacts of malaria and intestinal parasites on nutritional status are reviewed. Diets are mainly cereal-based, with tubers and a variety of vegetables and fruits when available. White maize, sorghum and millet are high in phytate and fiber, which inhibit the absorption of micronutrients such as zinc and iron. Communities growing cash crops have little land for food crops. Although households may own cattle, goats and poultry, commonly these are not consumed. Adults in nomadic communities consume more meat than nonpastoralists. Lakeside and oceanside communities do not consume adequate amounts of fish. Poor households have a limited capacity to grow and purchase food, therefore they have more nutrient deficiencies. Early weaning to cereal porridge deprives the infant of protein and other nutrients from human milk. Other milk is consumed only in small amounts in sweetened tea. Older children eat adult diets, which are extremely bulky and hard to digest. Anemia is mainly due to iron deficiency, malaria and intestinal parasites. In general, Kenyan children have inadequate intakes of energy, fat and micronutrients such as calcium, zinc, iron, riboflavin and vitamins A and B-12. The multiple micronutrient deficiencies may contribute to early onset of stunting and poor child development, whereas lack of calcium together with vitamin D deficiency are responsible for the resurgence of rickets. There is an urgent need to increase the intake of animal source foods by Kenyan children.
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PMID:The need for animal source foods by Kenyan children. 1467 93

The recognition that nutritional status plays a role in altering susceptibility to lead absorption and toxicity has triggered the development of this review. There has been a significant increase worldwide in awareness and concern about the effects of lead on human health and the environment over the last two decades. Both occupational and environmental exposures to lead remain a serious problem in many developing and industrialising countries, as well as in some developed countries. Port Pirie (South Australia) has the world's largest lead smelter and the surrounding population continues to be exposed to environmental lead. The increased awareness of the detrimental impacts of 100 years of smelting at Port Pirie led in 1984 to the development of the Lead Implementation Program, run by the Environmental Health Centre (EHC), Department of Human Services (DHS). The major focus of the program is to reduce household lead exposure for pregnant women and children below the age of five years. Despite intervention efforts by all stakeholders in Port Pirie, 55% of children less than 4 years old have blood lead levels above the National Health and Medical Research Council (NH&MRC) goal of 10 microg/dl. The Port Pirie Lead Implementation Program includes components on nutrition education aimed at reducing lead absorption and toxicity. However, nutritional intake and nutritional status of Port Pirie residents, in particular children under five years, has not been evaluated. This review focuses on nutrition as a component of intervention in lead toxicity and it discusses the nutritional concerns in relation to lead exposure. Fortunately most food patterns that reduce susceptibility to lead toxicity are consistent with recommendations for a healthy diet. The relationship between nutritional status and lead uptake and toxicity is most clearly established for irregular food intake (i.e. periods of fasting), marginal calcium ingestion and (subtle) iron deficiency.
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PMID:Lead exposure, interactions and toxicity: food for thought. 1467 61

A balanced diet that provides an adequate supply of vitamins and minerals is essential for normal fetal development. Maternal morbidity is also lower, since such complications of pregnancy as preeclampsia and premature birth occur less frequently. Consideration should be given to folate deficiency--in particular during the periconceptive period--and iron deficiency during pregnancy. For the structural development of the fetus, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids also appear to have a major role to play. Daily iodine supplementation should be used to avoid goiter in mother and child. Calcium appears to have a protective effect against preeclampsia and hypertension, as also do vitamins E and C. The tocolytic action of magnesium can help reduce the incidence of premature birth. Such noxae as alcohol and nicotine should be avoided completely during the entire pregnancy.
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PMID:[Nutrition during pregnancy--current aspects]. 1515 64

The present study was designed to estimate the average food and nutrient intake in a sample of Italian students living in the District of Rome. In the school year 1999-2000 all students belonging to the first, second or third year of nine randomly selected secondary public schools were contacted for filling in a food frequency questionnaire (3982 subjects). The next year, 233 of them (125 males and 108 females), randomly extracted, participated in a detailed food survey. Food intake was assessed on the basis of 12 (four consecutive days in three different periods) 24-h dietary records. The average daily intakes of fruit (107 +/- 100 g/day), vegetables (186 +/- 74 g/day) and legumes (16 +/- 29 g/day) were lower than recommended. The percentage of energy intake from fat (39%) and that from saturated fats (12%) were high. On the other hand, the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates was low (45%) even if that from sugar (14%) was rather high. The students' diet was characterized by low intakes of fibre (16 +/- 6 g/day) and calcium (710 +/- 247 mg/day) in both males and females. Iron intakes were lower than 12 mg/day in a very high percentage of females (80%), suggesting that iron deficiency may be present in this population group. Results indicate that the diet of these students is both unbalanced in terms of macronutrients and deficient for some micronutrients, suggesting the need for intervention.
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PMID:Food consumption and nutrient intake in a sample of Italian secondary school students: results from the INRAN-RM-2001 food survey. 1536 81

The question of whether iron deficiency has direct adverse effects on vertebral trabecular bone and long bones was answered by this study. Four groups of female weanling rats were fed for 5 wk diets that were 1) control; 2) calcium restricted, 1.0 g Ca/kg diet; 3) iron deficient, <8 mg Fe/kg diet; or 4) control, pair-fed to the iron-deficient group. Whole body and femur DEXA analysis revealed that calcium-restricted and iron-deficient rats had lower bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) than pair-fed and control rats. However, pair-fed rats also had decreased BMD and BMC compared to control rats. The third lumbar trabecular bone microarchitecture in both diet-restricted groups had decreased bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and trabecular number and thickness, a less favorable structural model index, and increased trabecular separation compared with the controls and the pair-fed groups as determined by microcomputer tomography. The control and pair-fed groups did not differ from one another, suggesting that iron deficiency and calcium restriction affected vertebrae independently of food intake and body weight. Finite element analysis revealed lower force to compress the vertebrae and lower stiffness but greater von Mises stress in calcium-restricted and iron-deficient groups compared to the control and pair-fed groups. Urinary deoxypyridinium crosslinks, serum osteocalcin, and cholcalciferol were increased in calcium-restricted rats compared to the other 3 groups. Using micro-CT imaging technology, this study demonstrated microarchitectural pathology due to iron deficiency upon vertebral trabecular bone compared to the control and pair-fed rats, although not to the same extent as severe calcium restriction.
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PMID:Iron deficiency negatively affects vertebrae and femurs of rats independently of energy intake and body weight. 1551 76

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a poorly understood sleep-related movement disorder which can be primary or associated with other conditions, most commonly iron deficiency, uremia and peripheral nerve disease. We present a case of RLS with an unusual secondary cause: primary hyperparathyroidism with hypercalcemia. This patient experienced complete and sustained relief of RLS symptoms immediately after parathyroidectomy, with normalization of her serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium levels. Early recognition and treatment of this uncommonly detected underlying cause is important because it is potentially curative in this frequently disabling condition for which usually only symptomatic treatment is available.
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PMID:Restless legs syndrome associated with primary hyperparathyroidism. 1585 61


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