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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This is a non-comprehensive overview of the latest 50 years about the evolution of iron metabolism and the methodology we currently have for the diagnosis of iron deficiency and its effects on human health. In the 40's iron absorption was determined by chemistry. The amount of iron absorbed was calculated as the difference between dietary iron and excreted iron. The other methods used to measure dietary iron was hemoglobin repletion. In the 70's the measurement of plasmatic ferritin was an important contribution to iron metabolism to assess iron deficiency and iron overload. In the same decade the extrinsic and intrinsic labelled methodology was an important advancement. The 70's and 80's were years where scientists aimed at finding iron absorption inhibitors, namely coffee, calcium, tea, zinc and fiber. The 80's and 90's were characterized for the emerging knowledge an iron absorption from a food, a meal and a complete diet and for the favorable effect of food iron fortification in developing countries. Also for the effect of iron excess in overall health and myocardial infarction in developed countries were studied.
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PMID:[Iron deficiency towards the year 2000]. 1097 30

Although past national public health efforts have reduced lead exposure significantly, lead poisoning remains the most common environmental health problem affecting American children. Currently, lead exposure occurs predominantly through ingestion of lead-contaminated household dust and soil in older housing containing lead-based paint; exposure can be increased with housing deterioration or renovation. Environmental prevention efforts focus on improvement in risk assessment, development of housing-based standards for lead-based paint hazards, and safe and cost-effective lead hazard remediation techniques. Educational efforts address parental awareness of lead exposure pathways, hygiene, and housekeeping measures to prevent ingestion of dust and soil. Blood lead screening is recommended either universally at ages 1 and 2 years or in a targeted manner where local health departments can document a low prevalence of elevated blood lead levels. Nutritional interventions involve provision of regular meals containing adequate amounts of calcium and iron and supplementation for iron deficiency. Lead chelation should complement environmental, nutritional, and educational interventions, when indicated. Collaboration of multiple federal agencies in a new strategy to eliminate childhood lead poisoning should further prevention efforts.
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PMID:Prevention of childhood lead poisoning. 1102 6

Iron deficiency is a major world health problem, that is, to a great extent, caused by poor iron absorption from the diet. Several dietary factors can influence this absorption. Absorption enhancing factors are ascorbic acid and meat, fish and poultry; inhibiting factors are plant components in vegetables, tea and coffee (e.g., polyphenols, phytates), and calcium. After identifying these factors their individual impact on iron absorption is described. Specific attention was paid to the effects of tea on iron absorption. We propose a calculation model that predicts iron absorption from a meal. Using this model we calculated the iron absorption from daily menus with varying amounts of enhancers and inhibitors. From these calculations we conclude that the presence of sufficient amounts of iron absorption enhancers (ascorbic acid, meat, fish, poultry, as present in most industrialized countries) overcomes inhibition of iron absorption from even large amounts of tea. In individuals with low intakes of heme iron, low intakes of enhancing factors and/or high intakes of inhibitors, iron absorption may be an issue. Depletion of iron stores enhances iron absorption, but this effect is not adequate to compensate for the inhibition of iron absorption in such an inadequate dietary situation. For subjects at risk of iron deficiency, the following recommendations are made. Increase heme-iron intake (this form of dietary iron present in meat fish and poultry is hardly influenced by other dietary factors with respect to its absorption); increase meal-time ascorbic acid intake; fortify foods with iron. Recommendations with respect to tea consumption (when in a critical group) include: consume tea between meals instead of during the meal; simultaneously consume ascorbic acid and/or meat, fish and poultry.
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PMID:Effect of tea and other dietary factors on iron absorption. 1102 10

There has been considerable debate regarding the nutritional benefits of pollen and the propolis produced by bees, although most contributions have lacked scientific soundness. This paper describes the possible beneficial effect of their use in pharmacological products in cases of anemic syndrome. We studied the effect of these two natural products on the digestive utilization of iron, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, using control rats and rats with nutritional ferropenic anemia. The addition of these products to the diet produced a positive effect on weight gain; this fact could constitute a scientific basis for the application of pollen and propolis as fortifiers. They improve the digestive utilization of iron and the regeneration efficiency of hemoglobin, especially during recovery from an anemic syndrome. They also have a positive effect on phosphocalcic metabolism and maintain an appropiate level of magnesium metabolism. Furthermore, in iron-deficient rats, these natural products palliate, to a large extent, the adverse effects of iron deficiency on calcium and magnesium metabolism as a result of the improvement in the digestive utilization of these minerals.
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PMID:Beneficial effect of pollen and/or propolis on the metabolism of iron, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in rats with nutritional ferropenic anemia. 1108 44

In India, the prevalence of iron deficiency is high due to both low iron intake and low availability from foods of plant origin. We investigated the effect of different wheat products on iron availability by testing haemoglobin regeneration efficiency using a rat model. Wheat grains processed into whole wheat flour, pearled wheat flour and broken wheat were used to prepare chapati, parantha and porridge. All samples were analysed for proximate principles, minerals, namely calcium, iron, zinc, sodium, potassium, fibre, phytin phosphorus and total phenols. Protein, fat, fibre, phytate and total phenols of pearled wheat flour were lower than whole wheat flour. All minerals except zinc were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in whole wheat flour while soluble iron was higher in pearled wheat flour. Cooking resulted in an increase in soluble iron and neutral detergent fibre (P < 0.001) and decrease in phytin phosphorus and total phenols. Haemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE) of pearled wheat flour was significantly higher than whole wheat flour. Cooking resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increase in HRE and HRE of chapati was higher than parantha. Soluble iron and HRE were significantly associated.
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PMID:Iron availability from processed and cooked wheat products using haemoglobin regeneration efficiency method. 1119 Aug 32

Vitamins and minerals, referred to collectively as micronutrients, have important influences on the health of pregnant women and the growing fetus. Iron deficiency results in anemia which may increase the risk of death from hemorrhage during delivery, but its effects on fetal development and birth outcomes is still unclear. Folic acid deficiency can lead to hematological consequences, pregnancy complications and congenital malformations, but again the association with other birth outcomes is equivocal. Zinc deficiency has been associated in some, but not all studies with complications of pregnancy and delivery, as well as with growth retardation, congenital abnormalities and retarded neurobehavioral and immunological development in the fetus. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy results in cretinism and possible fetal wastage and preterm delivery. Deficiency of other minerals such as magnesium, selenium, copper, and calcium have also been associated with complications of pregnancy, childbirth or fetal development. Deficiencies of vitamins other than folate may likewise be related to such complications; and vitamin A or beta-carotene supplements in pregnancy reduced maternal mortality by 50 % in a controlled trial in Nepal. Additional research is need on the prevalence of such deficiencies and their consequences and on cost-effective public health interventions for their control.
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PMID:Micronutrients in pregnancy. 1150 10

The alpha subunit of polypeptide chain initiation factor eIF2 can be phosphorylated by a number of related protein kinases which are activated in response to cellular stresses. Physiological conditions which result in eIF2 alpha phosphorylation include virus infection, heat shock, iron deficiency, nutrient deprivation, changes in intracellular calcium, accumulation of unfolded or denatured proteins and the induction of apoptosis. Phosphorylated eIF2 acts as a dominant inhibitor of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B and prevents the recycling of eIF2 between successive rounds of protein synthesis. Extensive phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha and strong inhibition of eIF2B activity can result in the downregulation of the overall rate of protein synthesis; less marked changes may lead to alterations in the selective translation of alternative open reading frames in polycistronic mRNAs, as demonstrated in yeast. These mechanisms can provide a signal transduction pathway linking eukaryotic cellular stress responses to alterations in the control of gene expression at the translational level.
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PMID:Initiation factor eIF2 alpha phosphorylation in stress responses and apoptosis. 1157 61

Anemia is a major cause of maternal mortality in India. In 1990, 19% of the maternal deaths were related to anemia. It is also a contributory factor to maternal deaths caused by hemorrhage, septicemia, and eclampsia. Anemia caused by lack of iron is the commonest nutritional deficiency in the world. According to recent reports, a significant number of children and women in the western world are also iron deficient. An adult man needs a daily amount of 1.1 mg of iron, compared with twice as much by a woman even when she is not pregnant. The total iron needed during pregnancy is about 1000 mg. The daily requirements for iron, as well as folate, are 6 times greater for a woman in the last trimester of pregnancy than for a nonpregnant woman. In healthy, well-nourished women with adequate iron stores, about half the total requirement of iron during pregnancy may come from maternal reserves. If the diet is not supplemented with extra iron, a woman will become progressively depleted of iron during pregnancy, and anemia will result. Lack of iron directly affects the immune system; it diminishes the number of T-cells and the production of antibodies. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined 3 stages of iron-deficiency: decreased storage of iron without any other detectable abnormalities; iron stores are exhausted, but anemia has not occurred yet; and overt iron deficiency when there is a decrease in the concentration of circulating hemoglobin. The end result of iron deficiency is nutritional anemia. Most Indian women are anemic with a hemoglobin level of 7-10.5 gm% (the norm is 11.5-14.0 gm%). Iron supplementation, calcium supplements, and a high-protein diet should be given these women during pregnancy. They should also be made aware about proper birth spacing, especially in rural areas, under existing government education programs.
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PMID:Anaemia -- a major cause of maternal death. 1217 89

Rats fed an iron-deficient diet develop decreased bone mass and increased fragility. This study documents that rats fed two minerals likely to be low in American diets, calcium and iron, had dramatic changes in bone density and morphometry. Weanling male Long-Evans rats were fed a diet that was either deficient in iron (5-8 mg/kg or 89-143 micro mol/kg diet), low in calcium (1.0 g/kg Ca or 0.025 mol/kg diet) or deficient in both minerals or a control diet with adequate iron and calcium. Eight rats in each of the four groups were fed their respective diets for 5 wk. Total femur and tibia widths were decreased in all experimental groups and iron-deficient rats had decreased medullary widths compared with the other three groups. Cortical width was decreased in all experimental groups, with either the calcium-restricted group or the iron-deficient + calcium-restricted group showing the greatest impact. Both calcium restriction and iron deficiency, either singly or in combination with one another, had reduced cortical bone area. Analysis by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry revealed a pattern of significant reductions in bone density for iron-deficient, calcium-restricted and the combination of calcium-restricted+ iron-deficient rats, respectively, as compared with controls. These data suggest that a commonly deficient trace element in American diets, iron, has a negative impact upon bone health, and this impact is exacerbated by a calcium-restricted diet.
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PMID:Bone morphology, strength and density are compromised in iron-deficient rats and exacerbated by calcium restriction. 1236 7

Recent increases in recommended calcium intakes recognize the important role of calcium in skeletal health, but many Americans, especially women, consume far less than recommended amounts. A potential drawback to encouraging increased calcium intake is suggested by the extensive literature showing an adverse effect of high calcium intake on dietary iron absorption, at least in short, highly controlled, experimental studies. However, the applicability of short-term studies involving test meals to long-term iron absorption and iron status is limited given the variety of foods and food combinations in self-selected diets and the ability of individuals to adapt to reduced iron intake. In general, studies of whole diets and studies conducted over several weeks tend to show no effect of increased calcium intake on iron absorption. In addition, experimental studies of calcium and iron status measures such as serum ferritin show no long-term effect of calcium supplementation on iron status. Prevention and treatment of iron deficiency should emphasize adequate consumption of iron-rich foods and, when indicated, the use of iron supplements. Recommended calcium intakes are important for skeletal health and do not appear to increase the risk for iron deficiency in healthy people.
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PMID:The effect of calcium consumption on iron absorption and iron status. 1245 25


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