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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Anemia is common among Thai females. Thalassemia and iron deficiency are highly prevalent in the Thai population. A therapeutic trial of iron has been used to differentiate between the two conditions, however, no previous study on its usefulness in a Thai population has been reported. Otherwise healthy persons who had complete blood count (CBC) as routine 'check-up' and found to be anemic (Hb < 12 g/dl) at a preventive medicine clinic were tested for hemoglobin typing, serum ferritin, serum iron, and were given oral iron sulfate (120 mg elemental iron per day for at least 2 months) and a repeat CBC on a follow-up visit. Sixty-six individuals, all females, with pre-treatment hemoglobin (Hb) level of 9.5 +/- 1.7 g/dl (mean +/- SD), had complete data for analysis. Final diagnoses were isolated iron deficiency in 23 (34.8%), iron deficient thalassemia traits in 6 (9.1%) and iron-sufficient thalassemia syndromes in 29 (43.9%) anemic subjects. After a therapeutic trial of iron, Hb rose to 12.8 +/- 1.0 g/dl (n = 16, p = 2 x 10(-8)) among the iron deficient group, but not in thalassemia. The authors have identified that the most useful red cell indices that will discriminate between iron deficiency and thalassemia is a combination of red blood cell counts (RBC) > 4.4 x 10(6)/microl and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) < 69 fl. High RBC (> 4.4 x 10(6)/microl) and very low MCV (< 69 fl) is a sensitive (92.9%) and highly specific (100%) criteria for diagnosis of mild thalassemia diseases (Hemoglobin H (HbH), Hemoglobin H-Constant Spring (HbH-CS), and homozygous Hemoglobin E (HbEE)). Conversely, a low RBC (> 4.4 x 10(6)/microl) and/or low to normal MCV (69-85 fl) is highly sensitive (91.3%) but not specific (60%) for the diagnosis of iron deficiency. The authors conclude that a therapeutic trial of iron is useful as a diagnostic test in anemic females except those with high RBC (> 4.4 x 10(6)/microl) and very low MCV (< 69 fl), a subgroup which most likely has thalassemia and are least likely to benefit from iron treatment.
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PMID:Red cell indices and therapeutic trial of iron in diagnostic work-up for anemic Thai females. 1292 84

An adequate supply of dietary iron during the 1st 24 mo of life is essential for preventing iron deficiency with its attendant negative effects on mental, motor and emotional development as well as later cognitive performance. Iron reserves and the small amount of highly bioavailable iron in human milk are adequate to satisfy the iron requirements of breast-fed infants of adequate birth weight for the 1st 6 mo of life. Thereafter, complementary foods, iron supplements or both are needed to meet this requirement. Complementary foods should not displace the consumption of human milk. The quantities eaten, particularly by younger infants, may therefore be quite small. As a consequence it is essential that the iron be supplied in a highly bioavailable form. This can be achieved by fortifying complementary foods with ferrous sulfate and ascorbic acid provided that the ascorbic acid is not lost during storage or meal preparation. Suggested fortification levels for ferrous sulfate and ascorbic acid for some types of complementary foods are given. The use of ferrous fumarate or an elemental iron powder instead of ferrous sulfate has not been evaluated adequately. There is a need to develop alternative strategies for improving iron bioavailability in complementary foods because it may not be possible to preserve ascorbic acid activity in many of them.
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PMID:Iron and ascorbic Acid: proposed fortification levels and recommended iron compounds. 1294 96

Foods are fortified with elemental forms of iron to reduce iron deficiency. However, the nutritional efficacy of current, commercially produced elemental iron powders has not been verified. We determined the bioavailability of six commercial elemental iron powders and examined how physicochemistry influences bioavailability. Relative biological value (RBV) of the iron powders was determined using a hemoglobin repletion/slope ratio method, treating iron-deficient rats with repletion diets fortified with graded quantities of iron powders, bakery-grade ferrous sulfate or no added iron. Iron powders were assessed physicochemically by measuring iron solubility in hydrochloric acid at pH 1.0 and 1.7, surface area by nitrogen gas adsorption and surface microstructure by electron microscopy. Bioavailability from the iron powders, based on absolute iron intake, was significantly less than from FeSO4 (100%; P < 0.05) with the following rank order: Carbonyl (64%; Ferronyl, U.S.) > Electrolytic (54%; A-131, U.S.) > Electrolytic (46%; Electrolytic Iron, India) > H-Reduced (42%; AC-325, U.S.) > Reduced (24%; ATOMET 95SP, Canada) > CO-Reduced (21%; RSI-325, Sweden). Solubility testing of the iron powders resulted in different relative rankings and better RBV predictability with increasing time at pH 1.7 (R2 = 0.65 at 150 min). The prediction was improved with less time and lower pH (R2 = 0.82, pH 1.0 at 30 min). Surface area, ranging from 90 to 370 m2/kg, was also highly predictive of RBV (R2 = 0.80). Bioavailability of iron powders is less than bakery-grade ferrous sulfate and varies up to three times among different commercial forms. Solubility at pH 1.0 and surface area were predictive of iron bioavailability in rats.
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PMID:Bioavailability of elemental iron powders to rats is less than bakery-grade ferrous sulfate and predicted by iron solubility and particle surface area. 1460 72

While iron deficiency is a common cause of anemia in infants, requiring specific treatment by administration of iron, there are other causes which require treatment equally specific. Anemia due to a nutritional deficiency can be improved only by providing the needed nutriment in sufficient quantity. Two case reports are presented. One is of megaloblastic anemia in an infant, which was treated with a variety of vitamin preparations before administration of folic acid produced improvement. The other report is of anemia due to iron deficiency treated successfully with ferrous sulfate in a dosage twenty times that previously used prophylactically. In prescribing an antianemic preparation the physician should assure himself that the dosage is adequate (for example, 0.5 gm. daily of ferrous sulfate for iron deficiency). "Broad-spectrum" preparations may be lacking in specific hematinics while containing a variety of vitamins which have no specific hematologic value.
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PMID:Treatment of nutritional anemia in infants. 1493 84

The problem of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in pregnant women is not a new one, but the flashback to it is justified because of the fact that its significance is not appreciated properly. The growing foetus has increased needs of different active for blood formation substances such as iron (Fe), folic acid, vit. B12, which are taken away from the mother. If her supplies are not enough, an anaemic syndrome can be promoted. The only suitable way in the presence of iron deficiency is the administration of drugs for equilibration of iron balance. We used Ferro-Folgamma--a new medicine for our pharmaceutical market, for treatment of IDA in 42 pregnant women and we rendered an account of the results of its administration. All pregnant women had starting data of Hb<110 g/l and Hct<0.33 L/L. One capsule of Ferro-Folgamma contains 100 mg iron sulfate siccatum (that corresponds to 37 mg Fe), folic acid - 5 mg, cyancobalamine 10 mg. It is administered a capsule 3 times daily in 1 to 3 courses of treatment and a course has 20 days duration. After a treatment course was carried out the starting data of Hb were increased with 8.73 g/l, and of Hct with 0.02. In 8 pregnant women after the first therapeutic course, a 20-days - treatment was conducted too and Hb rose with 18.14 g/l in comparison with the starting data, and of Hct - with 0.037. The authors recommend the utilization of Ferro-Folgamma for treatment and prophylaxis of IDA in pregnant women, because of its good gastric acceptance, a few side undesired reactions, and the supplement of Folic acid and vit B12 increases the iron resorbtion.
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PMID:[Ferro-Folgamma--a drug for treatment and prophylaxis of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women]. 1534 Dec 53

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide. Iron fortification of foods is considered to be the most cost-effective long-term approach to reduce iron deficiency. However, for fortified foods to be effective in reducing iron deficiency, the added iron must be sufficiently bioavailable. In this study, fortification of whole-grain wheat flour with different sources of iron was evaluated in vitro by measuring the amount of dialyzable iron after simulated gastrointestinal digestion of flour baked into chapatis and subsequent intestinal absorption of the released iron using Caco-2 cell layers. The dialyzability of iron from iron-fortified wheat flour was extremely low. Additions of 50 mg/kg iron to the flour in the form of ferrous sulfate, Ferrochel amino acid chelate, ferric amino acid chelate taste free (TF), Lipofer, ferrous lactate, ferrous fumarate, ferric pyrophosphate, carbonyl iron, or electrolytic iron did not significantly increase the amount of in vitro dialyzable iron after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. In contrast, fortification of flour with SunActive Fe or NaFeEDTA resulted in a significant increase in the amount of in vitro dialyzable iron. Relative to iron from ferrous sulfate, iron from SunActive Fe and NaFeEDTA appeared to be 2 and 7 times more available in the in vitro assay, respectively. Caco-2 cell iron absorption from digested chapatis fortified with NaFeEDTA, but not from those fortified with SunActive Fe, was significantly higher than from digested chapatis fortified with ferrous sulfate. On the basis of these results it appears that fortification with NaFeEDTA may result in whole-grain wheat flour that effectively improves the iron status.
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PMID:In vitro iron availability from iron-fortified whole-grain wheat flour. 1561 7

Iron deficiency remains a major global health problem affecting an estimated 2 billion people. The World Health Organization ranked it as the seventh most important preventable risk for disease, disability, and death in 2002. Since an important factor in its causation is the poor bioavailability of iron in the cereal-based diets of many developing countries, SUSTAIN set up a Task Force, consisting of nutritional, medical, industry, and government experts to consider strategies for enhancing the absorption of fortification iron. This paper summarizes the findings of this Task Force. Detailed reviews of each strategy follow this overview. Highly soluble compounds of iron like ferrous sulfate are desirable food fortificants but cannot be used in many food vehicles because of sensory issues. Thus, potentially less well-absorbed forms of iron commonly are used in food fortification. The bioavailability of iron fortificants can, however, be enhanced with innovative ingredient technologies. Ascorbic acid, NaFeEDTA, ferrous bisglycinate, and dephytinization all enhance the absorption of fortification iron, but add to the overall costs of fortification. While all strategies cannot be recommended for all food fortification vehicles, individual strategies can be recommended for specific foods. For example, the addition of ascorbic acid is appropriate for dry blended foods such as infant foods and other dry products made for reconstitution that are packaged, stored, and prepared in a way that maximizes retention of this vitamin. NaFeEDTA can be recommended for fortification of fish sauce and soy sauce, whereas amino acid chelates may be more useful in milk products and beverages. With further development, dephytinization may be possible for low-cost, cereal-based complementary foods in developing countries. Encapsulation of iron salts in lipid coatings, while not an iron absorption-enhancing strategy per se, can prevent soluble forms of iron from interacting undesirably with some food vehicles and hence broaden the application of some fortificants. Research relevant to each of these strategies for enhancing the bioavailability or utility of iron food fortificants is reviewed. Individual strategies are evaluated in terms of enhancing effect and stability, organoleptic qualities, cost, and regulatory issues of interest to the nutrition community, industry, and consumers. Recommendations are made on potential usages and further research needs. Effective fortification depends on the selection of technically feasible and efficacious strategies. Once suitable strategies have been identified, cost becomes very important in selecting the best approach to implement. However it is essential to calculate cost in relation to the amount of bioavailable iron delivered. An approach to the calculation of cost using a conservative estimate of the enhancing effects of the innovative technologies discussed in the supplement is given in the final section.
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PMID:Enhancing the absorption of fortification iron. A SUSTAIN Task Force report. 1574 16

Ulcerative colitis (UC) patients frequently require iron supplementation to remedy anemia. The impact of systemic iron supplementation (intraperitoneal injection) on UC-associated carcinogenesis was assessed in mice subjected to cyclic dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment and compared with dietary iron enrichment. Systemic iron supplementation, but not a twofold iron diet, remedied iron deficiency as indicated by the histochemical detection of splenic iron stores. A twofold iron diet, but not systemic iron, increased iron accumulation in colonic luminal contents, at the colonic mucosal surface, and in superficial epithelial cells. Colitis-associated colorectal tumor incidence after 15 DSS cycles was not affected by systemic iron (2/28; 7.1%) compared to nonsupplemented controls (4/28; 14.1%) but was significantly increased by the twofold iron diet (24/33; 72.7%) (P < 0.001). Mechanistic study revealed that systemic iron had no effect on DSS-induced inflammation, or colonic iNOS and COX-2 protein levels, compared to controls. Systemic iron supplementation for 16 weeks replenished splenic iron in a spontaneous colitis model (interleukin-2-deficient mice) and significantly reduced colonic inflammation compared to interleukin-2 (-/-) controls without increasing hyperplastic lesions. These results suggest that iron supplemented systemically could be used to remedy anemia in UC patients without exacerbating inflammation or enhancing colon cancer risk. These findings need to be verified in clinical studies.
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PMID:Systemic iron supplementation replenishes iron stores without enhancing colon carcinogenesis in murine models of ulcerative colitis: comparison with iron-enriched diet. 1584 5

Cultures of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans were grown under iron-deficient conditions and then restored by the addition of iron. Membrane proteins from iron-deficient and iron-restored cells were analyzed by lithium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. The incorporation of [(35)S]sulfate into membrane proteins and lactoperoxidase-catalyzed (125)I iodination were used to monitor the rates of polypeptide biosynthesis and surface exposure of membrane proteins, respectively. These polypeptide profiles revealed major differences in the membrane composition of iron-deficient and normal cells. Iron deficiency caused a decrease in the amount of certain important membrane proteins, reflecting a decreased rate of biosynthesis of these peptides. Several photosystem II peptides also showed an increase in surface exposure after iron stress. In addition, iron deficiency led to the synthesis of proteins at 34 and 52 kilodaltons which were not present in normal cells. When iron was restored to a deficient culture, a metabolic sequence was initiated within the first 12 h after the addition of iron which led to phenotypically normal cells. Pulse labeling with [(35)S]sulfate during this period demonstrated that iron addition initiates a coordinated pattern of synthesis that leads to the assembly of normal membranes.
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PMID:Influence of Iron Deprivation on the Membrane Composition of Anacystis nidulans. 1666 93

Changes in the amounts of thylakoid galactolipids and proteins were monitored for 96 hours following iron resupply to iron-deficient sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv F58-554H1) plants. During this period of iron nutrition-mediated chloroplast development, the amount of galactolipid per leaf area increased linearly with time. Assuming galactolipids are an index for the amount of thylakoids, then there was a linear synthesis of thylakoid membranes during regreening. Total thylakoid protein synthesis, however, lagged behind galactolipid synthesis, suggesting that proteins are inserted secondarily into the galactolipid matrix of the thylakoid membrane during development.Iron deficiency caused an increase in the free chlorophyll band under the conditions of gel electrophoresis used. Of the chlorophyll proteins resolved, the chlorophyll protein associated with photosystem I was most diminished in iron-deficient tissue, and appeared to recover most rapidly. Changes in the light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins are also discussed.The number of polypeptides resolved by lithium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was higher in iron-deficient thylakoids. During regreening, the number of resolved polypeptides decreased.
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PMID:Changes in Thylakoid Galactolipids and Proteins during Iron Nutrition-Mediated Chloroplast Development. 1666 22


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