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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Screening for iron deficiency was offered to 485 pre-school children in one practice. A questionnaire asking for details of the child's birth, diet, medical history and social status was sent to all the families of these children. Three hundred and eleven children (64% of the total) had blood samples taken for haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume and serum ferritin levels. Fifty four of the children (17%) were iron deficient (serum ferritin less than 10 micrograms l-1 or mean corpuscular volume less than 75 fl), while 10 (3%) had iron deficiency anaemia (haemoglobin level less than 10.5 g dl-1). The prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia were not significantly associated with any social class. However, there was a higher prevalence among social class 3 children than children from other social classes, 29% of them having covert iron deficiency, while 6% were frankly anaemic. As there are no ethnic minorities in the practice, dietary inadequacy was likely to be the main cause of iron deficiency. After receiving iron supplements for up to three months, all the children who were iron deficient or anaemic and attended for follow up had normalized blood values. In view of the high prevalence of iron deficiency throughout the social classes, and its association with developmental delay and behavioural disorders, screening will be offered to all children when they attend for measles, mumps and rubella immunization, and those who do not attend will be followed up.
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PMID:Prevalence of iron deficiency in rural pre-school children in Northern Ireland. 211 45

Iron deficiency in children has been associated with behavioural disorder and developmental delay. Screening for iron deficiency was offered to all 527 children aged between one and four years in an inner city practice. Half the children belong to an ethnic minority group, and there is widespread social deprivation in the area. Capillary haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume were estimated in 365 children (69%). Dietary history, birth weight and current weight were also recorded. Fifty-eight (16%) of the children were iron deficient as defined by a mean corpuscular volume of less than 75 fl and/or a haemoglobin concentration of less than 10.5 g dl(-1). All were hypochromic and among 23 tested all had serum ferritin levels below 10microg I(-1). Twenty-one children (5.8%) were anaemic (haemoglobin concentration less than 10.5 g dl(-1)). Anaemia was significantly more common among children who were currently underweight but was not related to weight at birth. Iron deficiency was significantly more prevalent in non-Caucasian children - 25.0% compared with 7.8% of Caucasian children. There was also a significant linear decrease in iron deficiency with increasing age. Sex, weight at birth, current weight, whether breast fed, age weaned or whether on a vegetarian diet were not significant factors in iron deficiency. Iron supplements were given to all the children with iron deficiency.In view of the high prevalence of iron deficiency, all children in the practice are now routinely offered screening for iron deficiency at the age of 14 months. The programme has been welcomed by all parents. It is suggested that screening for iron deficiency should be part of routine child surveillance.
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PMID:Iron deficiency in inner city pre-school children: development of a general practice screening programme. 325 9

Three studies conducted in Indonesia will be described. Soewondo (12) investigated the relation of iron deficiency and cognitive function and impact of iron supplementation on verbal intelligence, attention and concept learning among iron deficient children without anemia and iron deficient anemic children. Half of 176 children, aged 3-6 years, received elemental Fe for 8 weeks and the other half received placebo. There were significant changes from pre to post intervention evaluations in ferritin, transferrin saturation, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and hemoglobin in the iron deficient anemic children. Pre and post treatment psychological test data showed that iron deficiency anemia produced alterations in cognitive processes related to visual attention and concept acquisition. These alterations can be reversed with iron treatment. Idjradinata (4) assessed the impact of iron supplementation on iron deficient infant's mental and psychomotor development. Hundred twenty six subjects aged 12 to 18 month were randomly assigned to either iron treatment or placebo intervention. After 4 months of iron supplementation, the hemoglobin, ferritin and transferrin saturation changed significantly in the iron deficient infants. A developmental delay was observed in the iron deficient anemic infants before intervention and the conditions were reversed after 4 months of iron treatment. Soemiarti (8) examined the effectiveness of a training course given to mothers of children aged 12 to 24 month on the rearing environment and consequently to the child's development. The subjects were 69 mothers of 20-35 years old. The training lasted for 21 days by giving mothers training using the program "Ibu Maju Anak Bermutu". The rearing environment improved, also the child's mental and psychomotor development.
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PMID:The effect of iron deficiency and mental stimulation on Indonesian children's cognitive performance and development. 749 Sep 9

It is the aim of this article to provide an overview of difficulties in children with poor growth enrolled in an intensive community intervention trial for failure to thrive (FTT). Children were assessed for developmental delay (Bayley test), inadequate diet, iron deficiency, eating and other behavioural problems, and maternal anxiety and depression (HAD Scales). Sixty-three children aged 6 months to 2 1/2 years were studied. The majority of children were from families living in poverty with many from divorced, separated or single families. On developmental testing (Bayley Developmental Scales) 55% were delayed, 27% severely. Seventy-seven per cent had caloric intakes below the expected average requirement (EAR) with 19% reported at less than 50% of requirements. Iron intakes were similarly low and one-third had iron deficiency anaemia on testing. Sixty per cent of children were reported to have eating difficulties, principally in terms of responding negatively to food. Eating difficulties had commonly presented within the first weeks of life. Other behavioural and sleeping difficulties were also common. Children identified as failing to thrive in the community are likely to have associated developmental, dietary and behavioural problems which may not be immediately evident and to an extent which may require intensive multidisciplinary involvement.
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PMID:What do we know about children who fail to thrive? 881 27

Iron deficiency is a common pediatric problem affecting 20%-25% of the world's infants. Most commonly causing anemia, iron deficiency is also implicated in such neurologic sequelae as irritability, lethargy, headaches, developmental delay, and infrequently papilledema, pseudotumor cerebri, and cranial nerve abnormalities. Rarely has iron deficiency been recognized as a significant cause of stroke in the adult or pediatric populations. We report a series of 6 children, 6 to 18 months of age, who presented with an ischemic stroke or venous thrombosis after a viral prodrome. All patients had iron deficiency as a consistent finding among the group, and other known etiologies of childhood stroke were excluded. These patients provide evidence of a strong association between iron deficiency and ischemic events in children between 6 and 18 months of age.
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PMID:Iron deficiency: a cause of stroke in infants and children. 904 2

Pica, the persistent and compulsive ingestion of particular food items or nonnutritive substances, has been associated with iron deficiency, zinc deficiency, geophagia, mental deficiency, developmental delay, and a family history of pica. Nutritional, sensory physiologic, psychosocial, and cultural theories have been advanced to explain this phenomenon, but the etiology of pica is poorly understood. Pica, secondary to iron deficiency, is relatively common and remits after iron therapy. Complications of pica include abdominal problems (sometimes necessitating surgery), lead poisoning, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, mercury poisoning, phosphorus intoxication, and dental injury. Pica is an underdiagnosed problem that can be caused by a variety of disorders and can lead to serious complications.
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PMID:Pica: are you hungry for the facts? 914 82

Iron deficiency is a common disorder in pediatric patients. Although the most common manifestation is that of anemia, iron deficiency is frequently the source of a host of neurologic disorders presenting to general pediatric neurologic practices. These disorders include developmental delay, stroke, breath-holding episodes, pseudotumor cerebri, and cranial nerve palsies. Although frequent, the identification of iron deficiency as part of the differential diagnosis in these disorders is uncommon and frequently goes untreated. The purpose of the current review is to highlight what is understood regarding iron deficiency and it's underlying pathophysiology as it relates to the brain, and the association of iron deficiency with common neurologic pediatric disease.
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PMID:Neurologic manifestations of iron deficiency in childhood. 1221 7

Iron deficiency is the world's most common nutritional deficiency and is associated with developmental delay, impaired behavior, diminished intellectual performance, and decreased resistance to infection. In premenopausal women, the most common causes of iron deficiency anemia are menstrual blood loss and pregnancy. In men and postmenopausal women, the most common causes of iron deficiency anemia are gastrointestinal blood loss and malabsorption. Hemoglobin concentration can be used to screen for iron deficiency, whereas serum ferritin concentration can be used to confirm iron deficiency. However, the serum ferritin concentration may be elevated in patients with infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions. Other tests may be needed, such as erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin concentration, transferrin concentration, serum iron concentration, and transferrin saturation. The cause of iron deficiency must be identified. If the patient is male, postmenopausal female, or has risk factors for blood loss, then the patient should be evaluated for sources of blood loss, especially gastrointestinal (eg, colon cancer). Several studies have examined the relationship between iron deficiency and hair loss. Almost all have addressed women exclusively and have focused on noncicatricial hair loss. Some suggest that iron deficiency may be related to alopecia areata, androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, and diffuse hair loss, while others do not. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to recommend universal screening for iron deficiency in patients with hair loss. In addition, there is insufficient evidence to recommend giving iron supplementation therapy to patients with hair loss and iron deficiency in the absence of iron deficiency anemia. The decision to do either should be based on clinical judgment. It is our practice at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation to screen male and female patients with both cicatricial and noncicatricial hair loss for iron deficiency. Although this practice is not evidence based per se, we believe that treatment for hair loss is enhanced when iron deficiency, with or without anemia, is treated. Iron deficiency anemia should be treated. Treating iron deficiency without anemia is controversial. Treatment of nutritional iron deficiency anemia includes adequate dietary intake and oral iron supplementation. Excessive iron supplementation can cause iron overload and should be avoided, especially in high-risk patients such as those with hereditary hemochromatosis. Patients who do not respond to iron replacement therapy should undergo additional testing to identify other underlying causes of iron deficiency anemia.
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PMID:The diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency and its potential relationship to hair loss. 1731 91

In the past three decades, rapidly changing demographic characteristics have been witnessed in western society. Concurrently, numerous culture-related studies have attested to the disparity in health services among different ethnic groups. Reports have shown contributing factors that can render main stream services inaccessible to immigrants include cultural and language barriers, adaptation difficulties, racial discrimination and lack of culturally appropriate psychosocial services. Inadequate training of health professionals regarding cross-cultural issues may hinder patient compliance and therapeutic alliances. In a paediatric practice in Montreal, prevalent health problems among Chinese families were identified to be related to cultural beliefs and psychosocial factors. These included a low breastfeeding rate (8%) among Chinese newborns, prevalent iron deficiency anemia (12%), nursing caries, social isolation, delayed diagnosis of developmental delay, learning disabilities and psychosocial problems. The participation in community research and advocacy, the development of health promotional projects with an interdisciplinary approach and the preparation of Chinese health information such as perinatal programs, infant nutrition, dental hygiene and immunization, were described. Subsequent studies in this population illustrated an increased breastfeeding rate (48%), decreased incidence of iron deficiency (2.8%) and improved self-health maintenance practices. More culturally appropriate allied health services, including the Multiculturalism Department in the Montreal Children's Hospital, have subsequently been developed for the community.In summary, identifying prevalent health problems of ethnic propensity may be the initiatives needed to develop research and health promotional projects for a target population. Comprehensive health care to different ethnic groups requires health professionals to incorporate cross-cultural issues in their services.
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PMID:Health promotion and research in the Chinese community in Montreal: A model of culturally appropriate health care. 1967 50

Iron deficiency and anemia remain significant health problems worldwide. These may he associated with developmental delay and poor mental development. A source of exogenous iron, is therefore, advisable after four to five months of age for breast-fed babies. Artificially-fed infants should be given iron-fortified formula from birth.
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PMID:Iron nutrition in infancy. 1986 35


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