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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fourteen nondialyzed patients with chronic renal insufficiency (serum creatinine 265 to 972 mumol/L [3.0 to 11.0 mg/dL]) and severe anemia (hematocrit less than 30%) were randomized to receive either recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) or a placebo subcutaneously thrice weekly for 12 weeks or until reaching a hematocrit of 38% to 40%. Anemia was significantly ameliorated in the treated patients. No acceleration in the progression of renal failure (1/serum creatinine v time) or change in serum potassium was noted for either the placebo or treated group over the 12-week period. Six of seven treated patients had a significant decrease in serum ferritin and percent transferrin saturation (plasma iron/total iron-binding capacity). This resulted in functional iron deficiency and the requirement for iron supplementation. The average systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not differ significantly between the two groups of patients during the study. Quality of life was improved in all r-HuEPO-treated patients but not in those in the placebo group. This study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of r-HuEPO in the correction of anemia in predialysis patients without adverse effects on renal function over a 12-week period. Improved patient well-being as a result of the correction of anemia resulted in one patient refusing appropriate initiation of dialysis therapy.
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PMID:The use of recombinant human erythropoietin in the correction of anemia in predialysis patients and its effect on renal function: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 268 5

Pruritus is an annoying skin disturbance which is often amenable neither to diagnostic nor to therapeutic interventions. Occasionally, generalized pruritus can be ameliorated by treating the underlying disease (e.g. iron deficiency, hyperthyroidism). The good response to ultraviolet radiation opens new possibilities which should be tried in patients with chronic renal insufficiency or cholestasis. The existence of a UV-sensitive pruritogen could explain a multitude of findings and phenomena.
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PMID:[Pruritus]. 671 Jan 3

During the last decade, a considerable amount of new information has accumulated regarding therapy optimalization of renal anaemia with recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO). Key question involved is EPO hyporesponsiveness caused by absolute or functional iron deficiency. Most controversial issue in the treatment of renal anaemia in patients with chronic renal insufficiency is the definition of optimal target haemoglobin. Many questions about optimizing EPO therapy were considered at the 2nd European Epoetin Symposium which was held in April 1998 on Crete. Discussion was devoted also to revision of a draft version of the European Best Practice Guidelines for the Management of Anaemia in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure. The presented review is on summary of new insights presented at the symposium. (Ref. 85.)
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PMID:[Treatment of renal anemia with erythropoietin]. 1064 31

Effective management of early anaemia in the course of chronic renal insufficiency requires the following: (i) implementing an efficient diagnostic strategy to exclude common contributing factors; (ii) initiating epoetin therapy for the majority of patients; for and (iii) ensuring adequate iron supply erythropoiesis. Diagnostic inquiry is warranted whenever the haemoglobin concentration is below the normal range adjusted for age and gender. The most efficient diagnostic approach is to assume erythropoietin deficiency, exclude iron deficiency, and pursue further diagnostic tests only when red-cell indices are abnormal or when leukopenia or thrombocytopenia are also present. Macrocytosis should prompt an inquiry into alcoholism, B12 deficiency, or folate deficiency. Microcytosis suggests iron deficiency or thalassaemia. Associated cytopenias raise the possibility of alcohol toxicity, pernicious anaemia, malignancy, or myelodysplastic syndrome. Epoetin therapy is warranted whenever the haemoglobin concentration has fallen below 10.0 g/dl. To initiate therapy prior to dialysis, epoetin should be administered at an average dose of 100 IU/kg/week (80-120 IU/kg/week, 50-150 IU/kg/ week) by subcutaneous injection. Haemoglobin concentration should be monitored every 2 weeks and the epoetin dose adjusted by increments or decrements of 25% to maintain a rate of rise of haemoglobin concentration of 0.2-0.6 g/dl (0.3 0.6 g/dl/week, 0.2-0.5 g/dl/week). When the target range is achieved, the dose of epoetin should be continually adjusted to maintain a stable haemoglobin concentration. Transferrin saturation and ferritin concentration should be monitored monthly, and sufficient iron provided to maintain transferrin saturation above 20%. The lower the haemoglobin concentration, the greater the likelihood that future intravenous iron will be required. Oral iron supplements should be avoided, since they are costly, ineffective, and troublesome to patients. Finally, a blunted therapeutic response to epoetin therapy provides important diagnostic information and gnostic inquiry.
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PMID:Management of early renal anaemia: diagnostic work-up, iron therapy, epoetin therapy. 1103 56

The strong association between anemia and cardiovascular complications among patients with end-stage renal disease suggests that anemia during chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) may also have important consequences. We performed a retrospective cohort study to identify factors associated with severe anemia (hematocrit [Hct] < 30%) and examine anemia management practices in CRI. The CRI cohort was composed of 604 adult patients with elevated serum creatinine levels. There was a direct correlation between predicted glomerular filtration rate and Hct (r = 0.49) and an inverse correlation between serum creatinine level and Hct (r = -0.37). Anemia was noted early in CRI; 45% of patients with serum creatinine levels of 2 mg/dL or less had an Hct less than 36%, and 8% had an Hct less than 30%. During the course of the study, mean Hct decreased from 35.1% +/- 5.6% to 31.8% +/- 5.6%. Iron studies were obtained in only 19% of patients, and among these, the prevalence of iron deficiency (transferrin saturation < 20%) was 54%. Only 30% and 26% of patients were administered recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) and iron, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that diabetes as the cause of renal disease, greater serum creatinine level, and having a single nephrology visit were associated with greater odds for the presence of anemia. A lower Hct and having a single nephrology visit were associated with greater odds for rHuEPO use. These results show that anemia begins early in the course of CRI, and management of anemia is suboptimal, even among patients under the care of nephrologists. Educational programs to optimize anemia management among patients with CRI are needed.
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PMID:Anemia: an early complication of chronic renal insufficiency. 1157 84

Several recently published reports have advanced our understanding of the epidemiology of anemia associated with chronic renal insufficiency. Anemia is commonly observed among subjects with chronic renal insufficiency. In comparison with subjects with preserved renal function, a significant decrease in hemoglobin could be detected in subjects with more modest degrees of renal insufficiency than was previously realized. Some of this undoubtedly reflects a decrease in renal production of erythropoietin, but these subjects may also suffer concomitant 'anemia of chronic disease'. Anemia is more likely not only among those with worse renal insufficiency, but also among black subjects, those with relative iron deficiency and those with lower serum albumin. Compared with those with preserved renal function, a significant decrease in hemoglobin could be detected in men at higher estimated creatinine clearance levels than in women; and at any given creatinine clearance, the decrease in hemoglobin is greater in men than in women. In the US, 800000 adults were estimated to suffer chronic renal insufficiency associated anemia, defined as hemoglobin level below 11 g/dl. As detailed in the present review, several methodological issues should be kept in mind when interpreting the literature. Further studies are needed to define the clinical implications of this common condition and to determine the most appropriate therapeutic response.
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PMID:Epidemiology of anemia associated with chronic renal insufficiency. 1198 Dec 65

In many patients with chronic renal insufficiency a depletion of stored and cellular iron (absolute iron deficiency), a blockade of iron in body stores (functional iron deficiency) or an iron overload can be shown. The factors leading to absolute iron deficiency are: 1) loss of iron as a result of blood loss by the gastrointestinal tract, taking blood specimens for laboratory tests and related to dialytic procedure; 2) enhanced use of iron during intensive erythropoiesis stimulated by recombinant human erythropoietin; 3) dietary iron deficiency or impaired iron uptake from the gastrointestinal tract; 4) other forms of gastrointestinal tract impairment; 5) pharmaceutical substances forming inabsorbable iron complexes and/or diluting the acidity of the gastric juice; 6) certain demographic factors. Functional iron deficiency develops during treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin and in the infectious state and during the inflammatory process. The use of recombinant human erythropoietin accelerates erythropoesis and by so increases iron requirement frequently far higher than the ability of iron stores to "transfer" iron to the bone marrow--this may be a result of ineffective mobilisation of iron stores and/or ineffective transport. In the infectious process the use of iron is impaired because of augmented cytokines production which leads to increase iron uptake and storage in the reticulo-endothelial system. Iron overload is caused by excessive iron intake, e.g. parenteral iron administration or repeated blood transfusions.
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PMID:[Causes of disturbances in iron turnover in chronic renal failure]. 1208 96

Much has been written on the important contribution of iron deficiency toward anemia and epoetin resistance among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, but there are few studies of iron status among chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) subjects not yet requiring dialysis. The National Kidney Foundation-Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-K/DOQI) Practice Guidelines recommend maintaining ferritin > or =100 ng/ml and transferrin saturation (TSAT) > or =20% to ensure adequate iron supply for erythropoiesis among patients with chronic kidney disease, whether or not they are dialysis-dependent. Analysis of the nationally representative data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III 1988-1994) revealed that only a minority of anemic CRI subjects in the United States met these K/DOQI targets. For example, in the range of creatinine clearance (CrCl) 30 to 50 ml/min, less than one third of men with hemoglobin <12 g/dl and women with hemoglobin <11 g/dl had ferritin > or =100 ng/ml and TSAT > or =20%. In addition, TSAT levels above 20% were independently associated with higher hemoglobin levels. Such data raise the question whether the K/DOQI targets should be reevaluated. It is concluded that ferritin and TSAT targets derived from ESRD studies may not be applicable to subjects with CRI. Further studies are needed to guide optimization of iron status and hemoglobin level in the much larger CRI population.
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PMID:Iron status and hemoglobin level in chronic renal insufficiency. 1239 50

The cardiovascular state and life quality of patients suffering from chronic renal insufficiency is primarily determined by their haemostatic status. Renal anemia can positively be diagnosed if the glomerular filtration rate diminishes significantly (<60 ml/min/1,73 m 2 ). Other causes of anemia besides renal insufficiency can be excluded in these instances. The primary aim of erythropoietin treatment is to abolish the transfusion demand of patients suffering from renal insufficiency as this could lead to antibody formation and the transduction of viral infections. In case the existence of renal anemia is proved, the target values must be determined. A target value of >11 g/dl hemoglobin should be achieved for at least 85% of the patients in order to get an average hemoglobin level of 12-12,5 g/dl for the whole patient population. During the treatment of renal anemia regulating the iron metabolism of patients is of primary importance. A >5% rate of the hypochromic red blood cells in the blood circulation implies iron deficiency; but a value above 10% positively indicates iron deficiency. The transferric saturation values under 20% indicate functional iron deficiency and this indicator is a good means of following iron treatment. In the case of patients receiving dialysis parenteral input is advised because of poor iron absorption. In national clinical practice several erythropoietin products are available (erythropoietin-alpha, erythropoietin-beta, alpha-darbepoetin and continuous erythropoietin receptor activator, a new product now being introduced). When selecting the appropriate treatment strategy for each patient, the application method, the effect range and cost efficiency of the selected erythropoietin product must be taken into consideration.
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PMID:[Diagnosis and therapy of renal anemia]. 1823 14

In patients with heart failure, iron deficiency is frequent but overlooked, with a prevalence of 30%-50%. Since it contributes to cardiac and peripheral muscle dysfunction, iron deficiency is associated with poorer clinical outcomes and a greater risk of death, independent of haemoglobin level. Therefore, iron deficiency emerges as a new comorbidity and a therapeutic target of chronic heart failure in addition to chronic renal insufficiency, anaemia and diabetes. In a series of placebo-controlled, randomised studies in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency, intravenous iron had a favourable effect on exercise capacity, functional class, LVEF, renal function and quality of life. These clinical studies were performed in the context of a renewed interest in iron metabolism. During the past 10 years, knowledge about the transport, storage and homeostasis of iron has improved dramatically, and new molecules involved in iron metabolism have been described (eg, hepcidin, ferroportin, divalent metal transporter 1). Recent European guidelines recommend the monitoring of iron parameters (ie, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation) for all patients with heart failure. Ongoing clinical trials will explore the benefits of iron deficiency correction on various heart failure parameters.
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PMID:Iron deficiency: an emerging therapeutic target in heart failure. 2495 29


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