Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This article examines the epidemiological data on chronic akathisia, tardive akathisia, and withdrawal akathisia. The limitations of the data are discussed--in particular, the lack of consistent definitions of the syndromes. The studies suggest that a significant proportion of patients chronically treated with neuroleptics suffer from akathisia. The prevalence may be as high as 40 percent, although a conservative estimate would be closer to 30 percent. Risk factors for the development of chronic akathisia and tardive akathisia are poorly understood, but old age, female sex, iron deficiency, negative symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, and affective disorder diagnosis need to be studied further for their potential role. While there is convincing evidence that akathisia may develop after neuroleptic cessation or reduction in dose, the prevalence and risk factors for withdrawal akathisia are not known. Reports of akathisia in children and the elderly have been few, and more systematic research is necessary. Akathisia appears to be common in individuals with mental retardation treated chronically with neuroleptics.
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PMID:The epidemiology of drug-induced akathisia: Part II. Chronic, tardive, and withdrawal akathisias. 748 75

Acute akathisia is a common and disturbing side effect of classic antipsychotic medication. Some evidence suggests a role for iron deficiency in chronic and tardive akathisia. In acute akathisia, however, the data are contradictory. Serum iron and ferritin levels of 33 inpatients with acute akathisia during classic neuroleptic medication were compared with those of 23 patients on classic neuroleptics without this side effect. Akathisia was rated by means of the Hillside Akathisia Scale. The groups were balanced for age (mean 38.5+/-14.5), medication (butyrophenone- and phenothiazine-derived neuroleptics) and diagnosis (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, psychotic affective disorder). Patients with acute akathisia had significantly lower serum ferritin levels than the patients in the control group. However, the ferritin (56. 94+/-39.54 ng/ml) and iron (88.52+/-40.0 mg/dl) levels in these patients were within the normal range (ferritin 30-300 ng/dl, iron 80-180 mg/dl). No correlations between serum iron or ferritin and akathisia ratings could be found. Although some reduction in serum ferritin was found in patients with acute akathisia compared to patients without akathisia, the difference was small and the ferritin levels were within the range of the normal population. These findings suggest a minor role for iron deficiency in acute akathisia.
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PMID:Serum iron and ferritin in acute neuroleptic akathisia. 1076 Mar 78

The pathophysiology of akathisia still remains controversial. Iron deficiency was proposed to be an important factor in the development of akathisia. In the present study, it was aimed to compare levels of serum iron and linked variables in chronic akathisic (n=30), and non-akathisic patients (n=30) with schizophrenia and healthy controls (n=30) because of the controversy in the association of iron and akathisia. The Barnes Akathisia Scale for akathisia and Simpson-Angus Rating Scale for extrapyramidal side effects were used. Serum iron and linked variables and hematological profile of the patients and control subjects were determined. Serum iron levels were significantly lower both in akathisic and non-akathisic groups compared to the control group (P<0.001). Moreover, akathisic patients had significantly lower iron levels than non-akathisic patients (P<0.05). Total iron binding capacity was significantly higher in patients with akathisia compared to the control group (P<0.01). Although non-akathisic patients had a mild increase in total iron binding capacity, it was not statistically significant compared to the control group (P>0.05). Ferritin levels were determined to be significantly lower in both groups compared to the control group (P<0.01). In addition, there was a significant difference in ferritin levels between the patients with and without akathisia (P<0.05). In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that an association between akathisia and iron metabolism exists.
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PMID:Serum iron levels in schizophrenic patients with or without akathisia. 1265 Sep 48