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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objective was to examine the relationships between serum ferritin, alcohol intake, and socioeconomic factors (school education, occupational education, occupation, income, marital status, cohabitation status, housing, social class) in a population survey performed in Copenhagen County during 1982-1984. The participants were selected at random from the census register and comprised 2235 healthy Danish individuals, non-blood donors (1044 men, 1191 women) in cohorts being 30, 40, 50, and 60 years old. The participants gave a detailed social and medical history and had a clinical examination including blood samples. In all age-groups, men had significantly higher serum ferritin and alcohol intake than women. In men, there was no relationship between serum ferritin and social class. Significant relationships were observed between ferritin and occupation (unemployed and self-employed men had higher ferritin than those with other occupations) and ferritin and income (in younger men, ferritin displayed a steady increase with income). None of the social variables were related to the prevalence of iron deficiency or iron overload. Alcohol intake was related to occupation and income, but not to social class. In women, none of the social variables showed any significant relationship to ferritin levels or iron overload. The prevalence of small iron stores (serum ferritin < or = 30 micrograms/l) was lower and the intake of alcohol was higher in women from high social classes. In both men and women, serum ferritin displayed highly significant positive correlations with alcohol intake. Likewise, the prevalence of iron overload (serum ferritin > 90th percentile) was closely correlated to alcohol intake. In conclusion, socioeconomic factors per se had a minor influence on serum ferritin levels and iron status in Danes. The distinct association between alcohol intake and serum ferritin levels should be considered in future iron status surveys.
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PMID:Relationship between serum ferritin, alcohol intake, and social status in 2235 Danish men and women. 876 57

1. In the present study we have examined the expression of pancreatitis-associated protein mRNA in mouse pancreas and small intestine and determined the effect of a number of factors on the steady-state level of the RNA. 2. The normally low level of pancreatitis-associated protein mRNA in pancreas increased severalfold after 6 h of hypoxia, reaching peak levels (approximately 10-fold greater than normal) after 24 h hypoxia. After 3 days' hypoxia pancreatitis-associated protein mRNA levels were again undetectable. 3. In the pancreas the level of pancreatitis-associated protein mRNA was also increased by alcohol and iron overload, but not by paracetamol. 4. In the small intestine expression of pancreatitis-associated protein mRNA was higher in normal ileum than in duodenum. In the ileum pancreatitis-associated protein mRNA levels were increased 7 to 15-fold after 6 h hypoxia, reaching peak levels by 24 h. Levels declined after 3 days' hypoxia, but remained higher than normal. 5. In the ileum long-term (4 weeks) dietary iron deficiency reduced pancreatitis-associated protein mRNA levels compared with control fed mice, whereas parenteral iron overload increased pancreatitis-associated protein mRNA levels. 6. The data presented suggest regulation of pancreatitis-associated protein gene expression by both oxygen tension and iron status.
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PMID:Regulation of pancreatitis-associated protein (HIP/PAP) mRNA levels in mouse pancreas and small intestine. 879 46

Iron overload as well as iron deficiency may play a role in the pathogenesis of diseases in the newborn and infant and therefore knowledge of the iron status is essential. Using an automated method for the determination of plasma latent iron-binding capacity (LIBC) we measured the LIBC in 20 full term and 20 preterm babies and 20 adults. LIBC was also calculated from transferrin and iron concentration.
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PMID:Measured versus calculated latent iron binding capacity in plasma of newborns. 883 Jun 22

Gastrointestinal iron absorption was measured by an oral iron load test in patients with uremia on maintenance hemodialysis (n = 19), with iron overload (n = 9), iron deficiency (n = 10) and in healthy volunteers (n = 9). After an overnight fast, serum iron was measured before, and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after administration of 100 mg ferrous chloride. Bone marrow iron was assessed after staining with Prussian blue. The study shows that iron absorption is impaired in uremic patients. Even uremic subjects with iron deficiency absorbed significantly less than normal subjects. Patients with iron overload and uremia absorbed even less, showing that the iron status of the patient influences absorption also in uremia.
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PMID:Iron absorption in patients with chronic uremia on maintenance hemodialysis and in healthy volunteers measured with a simple oral iron load test. 883 97

Most governmental programs to control widespread iron deficiency in the developing world involve providing daily supplements of iron to all children and pregnant women. This approach has generally poor results due in part to dose-related undesirable gastrointestinal side effects and the lack of effective absorption and retention of iron consumed on a daily basis. However, recent evidence indicates that iron is absorbed significantly better when consumed only at intervals coinciding with gut mucosal renewals. That approach also prevents constant high iron concentrations in the gut which may cause undesirable side effects. Much lower iron doses administered intermittently are as effective in correcting iron nutrition and safer than daily doses in iron deficient anemic rats. 246 healthy 3-6 year olds and 405 pregnant women were enrolled in two studies to determine whether intermittent iron supplementation in humans is more efficient than daily iron administration. Weekly iron supplementation proved to be better than daily supplementation, producing more efficient iron absorption with fewer side effects. Serum ferritin distribution patterns indicate that intermittent iron supplementation avoids the iron overload which results from daily iron supplemented.
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PMID:The effectiveness of weekly iron supplementation regimen in improving the iron status of Chinese children and pregnant women. 888 48

Intestinal nonheme iron levels and mRNA levels of genes implicated in iron metabolism were measured in mice with altered iron metabolism [chronic (4 wk) and acute (4 days) dietary iron deficiency; iron overload and hypoxia] to investigate their role in the process and regulation of intestinal iron absorption. Mucosal nonheme iron levels were decreased by both chronic and acute iron deficiency and increased by iron overload but were not affected by hypoxia. There was evidence of a gradient of mucosal nonheme iron along the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum > ileum). There were also regional differences in H-ferritin (duodenum > ileum) and transferrin receptor (ileum > duodenum) mRNA levels. Iron overload produced a decrease in transferrin receptor (TfR) mRNA in the duodenum, with ferritin mRNA levels unaffected in both the duodenum and ileum. Chronic iron deficiency induced a twofold increase in TfR mRNA levels in both the duodenum and ileum, whereas H- and L-ferritin mRNA levels did not change significantly. The ratio of H- to L-ferritin mRNA decreased significantly during exposure to hypoxia; however, individual ferritin and TfR mRNA levels were not significantly altered. Calreticulin (mobilferrin), cysteine-rich intestinal protein, and H(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase mRNA levels were virtually unchanged in all models. A comparison with previously published data on changes in iron absorption leads us to conclude that 1) iron absorption can be altered independently of effects on transcripts of genes for iron-related proteins, and 2) it is not essential for iron absorption to be coordinated with regulation of mucosal iron metabolism.
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PMID:Expression of genes involved in iron metabolism in mouse intestine. 894 90

The description by Ramsay in 1957 of a practical way of determining the total iron binding capacity of serum (a measure of transferrin concentration) provided a diagnostic test for both iron deficiency and iron overload. Since 1957 the introduction of the assay for serum ferritin (in 1972) has made it possible to assess the levels of storage iron in normal subjects and assays for free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and the circulating transferrin receptor methods to evaluate iron supply for erythropoiesis. In 1957 iron metabolism in man was already well understood but its evaluation relied on measurement of tissue iron concentrations and the use of radioisotopes of iron to measure rates of erythropoiesis. The evaluation can now be carried out using the various blood assays along with the measurement of haemoglobin concentration but interpretation of the measurements in disease still requires an understanding of the way in which these measures are influenced by pathological processes.
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PMID:The laboratory assessment of iron status--an update. 908 90

Functional iron deficiency occurs when recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) accelerates erythropoiesis to an extent that the iron availability cannot meet the anticipated demand. Such a phenomenon will reduce the optimal response to rHuEPO. To estimate the iron needs of functional iron deficiency in hemodialysis patients on rHuEPO therapy, we utilized a mathematical method. Forty hemodialysis patients were examined in the study, and all had a baseline serum ferritin (SF) level > 100 microg/l. They were stratified into patients with a transferrin saturation (TfS) value > or = 25% (group I) and those below this value (group II). The treatment protocol consisted of rHuEPO therapy in the two groups for 6 months and iron supplement only in group II. The target hemoglobin level was 10.5 g/dl, and iron metabolism indices were analyzed prior to and following therapy. The results showed (1) in group I (n = 20) hemoglobin rose from 7.5 +/- 0.9 to 10.7 +/- 0.7 g/dl (p < 0.01) and the mean SF level declined from 1,583 +/- 997 to 968 +/- 664 mg (p < 0.01); (2) in group II (n = 20) hemoglobin also increased from 7.8 +/- 0.9 to 10.6 +/- 0.8 g/dl (p < 0.01) following iron supplement, while the SF rose from 183 +/- 70 to 326 +/- 125 mg (p < 0.01); (3) TfS was significantly elevated in group II following iron therapy (18.9 +/- 4.8 vs. 34.5 +/- 9.1%, p < 0.01), and (4) the nomogram showed a sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 83% in estimating the iron status before rHuEPO therapy. We conclude that SF levels reflect iron stores and that TfS < 25% is an index of functional iron deficiency. Iron supplementation is not necessary in patients with SF > 100 microg/l and TfS > or = 25%. It seems rational to provide intravenous iron in EPO-resistant patients with functional iron deficiency (SF > 100 microg/l, TfS < 25%). This paper illustrates the importance that accurate assessment of iron needs by a mathematical method would enhance treatment efficacy and avoid iron overload in hemodialysis patients on rHuEPO therapy.
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PMID:Mathematical approach for estimating iron needs in hemodialysis patients on erythropoietin therapy. 909 47

Rapid advances were made in understanding the molecular and cellular bases of iron metabolism and its disorders. Molecular mechanisms for the cellular uptake, storage, and utilization of iron were clarified in investigations of the structure and functions of transferrin, transferrin receptor, ferritin, erythroid delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase, and the RNA-binding protein termed the iron responsive-element binding protein. Evidence was obtained that a nuclear DNA-binding protein, NF-E2, may be involved in the regulation of both hemoglobin synthesis in erythroid cells and of iron absorption in the intestine. Clinically, progress was made in improving the diagnosis and management of both iron deficiency and iron overload, with studies of the usefulness of serum transferrin receptor measurements, of a new therapeutic preparation of iron using a "gastric delivery system," and of the development of new orally active iron-chelating agents.
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PMID:New advances in iron metabolism, iron deficiency, and iron overload. 937 Dec 67

It has been suggested that iron plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, primarily by acting as a catalyst for the atherogenic modification of LDL. Although some epidemiological data suggest that high stored iron levels are an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease and that iron has been detected in both early and advanced atherosclerotic lesions, the evidence is often contradictory and inconclusive. We used the New Zealand White rabbit to investigate the effects of iron overload (FeO) and iron deficiency (FeD) on atherosclerosis. Groups of 7 rabbits were either iron loaded by injections of iron dextran (FeO group), iron depleted by phlebotomy (FeD group), or given injections of saline (control group) for a total of 9 weeks. All rabbits were fed a chow diet containing 1% (wt/wt) cholesterol for the last 6 weeks of the study. Iron and antioxidant status and cholesterol levels were assayed in plasma before cholesterol feeding (week 3) and at the time that the rabbits were killed (week 9). In addition, the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation was measured and pathological examination of the aortic arch and thoracic aorta performed at the end of the study. FeD significantly decreased the levels of blood hemoglobin, serum iron, and transferrin saturation compared with controls. Conversely, FeO significantly increased transferrin Fe saturation. FeO but not FeD decreased plasma cholesterol levels compared with control animals both before (P < .05) and after (P = .055) cholesterol feeding. Neither FeO nor FeD had a significant effect on the levels of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation products in plasma and aortic tissue or on the susceptibility of LDL to ex-vivo oxidation. FeO significantly decreased aortic arch lesion formation by 56% compared with controls (P < .05), whereas FeD had no significant effect. These results indicate that in this animal model, FeO decreases rather than increases atherosclerosis, likely because iron dextran exerts a hypocholesterolemic effect. Our data do not support the hypotheses that elevation of Fe stores increases or that a reduction of Fe stores by phlebotomy decreases the risk of coronary artery disease.
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PMID:Effect of iron overload and iron deficiency on atherosclerosis in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit. 940 37


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