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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The general health and nutritional status of 105 refugee children from Chile and the Middle East were examined shortly after the arrival in Stockholm. A chronic medical condition was present in 10% and there were clinical signs of caries in 57% of the children. Iron deficiency was found in 15% of Chileans and 6% of Middle Easterners, but no other nutritional deficiencies were discovered. Stunting and wasting was rare and a significant catch-up growth was observed in both groups in a follow-up 18 months after resettlement. Obesity was common in the Chilean group on arrival in Sweden and increased further after resettlement. We conclude that chronic medical conditions, caries and obesity were the major somatic health problems in this sample of newly resettled refugee children.
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PMID:Health and nutrition in newly resettled refugee children from Chile and the Middle East. 195 7

In order to assess prevalences, characteristics and risk factors of malnutrition and anemia, a clinical and biological study was undertaken at Lamentin hospital in 100 hospitalized children aged 6 months to 6 years. Forty seven p. cent of children were underweight and 38 p. cent were anemic. Anemia and iron deficiency predominated in the under-24-month age group, whereas wasting was the dominate finding in older children. Under 2 years of age, risk factors for wasting and anemia were associated with method of breastfeeding. Over 2 years of age, low birthweight was the only risk factor of wasting identified. In Martinique, nutritional deficiency is common in children admitted to hospital and a high index of suspicion is indicated in the hospitalized population. Following the resolution of infections, supplemental iron therapy must be considered for a great number of children under 2 years of age.
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PMID:[Malnutrition and anemia in children hospitalized in Martinique]. 408 85

The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia was investigated among 1,210 school girls in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Anthropometric measurements were recorded. A dietary and socio-economic status questionnaire was administered and heamoglobin (Hb), serum iron and ferritin were estimated. Wasting and stunting is common among the 7- and 14-year-old girls. A total of 8.5% of children showed Hb level below 10 g/dL while 55.4% showed Hb level below 12 g/dL. It was found that 26.3% of the girls have serum iron below 10 mumol/dL while 16.1% of subsample of the girls showed serum ferritin level of less than 12 micrograms/dL. The most affected ones are those in the age group of 7-14 years old. The dietary questionnaire revealed that 16.5% of the girls did not take breakfast at home and depend on snacks offered in the school canteen which consist mostly of biscuits, chocolate bars, potato chips and carbonated cola drinks. No association between education of mother and father and breakfast consumption at home was detected. Tea drinking is common among these girls while fresh fruits and vegetable consumption is infrequent. Iron deficiency anaemia is highly prevalent among these schoolgirls which seriously affects the growth of 7- and 14-year-old girls. An in-depth investigation of the etiological factors of iron deficiency is urgently needed and meanwhile a suitable iron supplementation program is recommended.
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PMID:Prevalence of nutritional anaemia among primary school girls in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. 1071 69

Lack of adequate food and in particular high quality protein, is one of the causes of malnutrition in children which could result in retarded growth. Iron deficiency is common in populations where protein sources are of vegetable origin; however in northern Mexico where the bean consumption is high, anemia is not a problem. The primary staples in the Mexican diet are corn tortillas and beans. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anthropometric condition of children 4-6 years old living in the city of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico and to determine the prevalence of anemia. Mean Z scores for children 4-6 years old living in poor conditions in the city of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico showed significant differences between socioeconomic groups (p<0.002) for height/age (H/A) and weight/age (W/A) (p<0.001) after adjusting for age and sex. Weight/height (W/H) was not different (p=0.30). By using the Waterlow classification system, 28.8% of the pre-school children of this study were stunted and only 0.9% were classified as wasted. There were no children that presented both stunting and wasting. Iron deficiency was very prevalent in both boys and girls, ranging from 56-79% depending on the indicator used. When classified by the combination of serum ferritin, % transferrin saturation and hemoglobin values, 23.7% of the children were classified as anemic, 11.9% in a state of iron deficiency and 13.6% with low iron reserves.
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PMID:Prevalence of undernutrition and iron deficiency in pre-school children from different socioeconomic regions in the city of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico. 1134 90

This article discusses the living environment and nutritional status of the girl child in India: dwelling, water source, toilet facilities, diet, literacy status, physical growth pattern, infant mortality, and micronutrient deficiencies. During 1974 and 1980, the normal nutritional pattern of pre-school age children improved. Stunting fluctuated and gradually declined from 57.9% to 44.8%. Wasting declined from 3.5% to 2.4%. Stunting and wasting declined from 3.3% to 2.0%. 8% of children 0-3 years old had vitamin A deficiencies, and 20% of children 3-6 years old had vitamin A deficiencies. Vitamin A deficiencies were highest at 41% among children 10-15 years old. Iron deficiencies ranged from 12% to 48%. The highest deficits were in younger age groups. Girl children begin household chores at the age of 5 years. By the age of 15 years, girls may work 10 hours a day at housework. Girls who obtain water at a distance from the home experience drains in energy from an undernourished body. Women who fetch water are not able to look after their children properly. Unsafe water, unsanitary toilet facilities, and poor sanitation contribute to morbidity and ill health. The proportion of boys reaching secondary levels of schooling was 2-4 times higher than girls. Girls tend to be about 2 cm shorter at birth. Gender gaps in height were wider at 3 years of age. Weight deficits of girls increased from about 5 kgs at 6 years of age to 20 kgs at 15 years of age. Height deficits of almost 8 cm at 6 years of age doubled by 15 years of age. Poorly nourished mothers tend to give birth to low birth weight (LBW) babies (under 145 cm and below 40 kg). LBW babies tend to show poor growth in weight and height over time. The cycle of poor nutrition, poor health, and unsanitary living conditions repeats itself.
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PMID:Girl child and environment. 1215 12

A child responds to a deficiency of an essential nutrient either by continuing to grow and consuming body stores with eventual reduction in the bodily functions (Type I) or by reducing growth and avidly conserving the nutrient to maintain the concentration of the nutrient in the tissues (Type II). Examples of Type I nutrient deficiency are anemia (iron deficiency), beri-beri (thiamin deficiency), pellagra (niacin or nicotinic acid deficiency), scurvy (vitamin C or ascorbic acid deficiency), xerophthalmia (vitamin A or retinol deficiency) and iodine deficiency disorders. Diagnosis is relatively simple via clinical symptoms and measurement of the concentration of the nutrient itself. There are no characteristic symptoms to distinguish which Type II nutrient deficiency an individual has; all deficiencies result in the poor growth, stunting, and wasting generally ascribed to protein-energy malnutrition. In Type II, growth stops, the body starts to conserve the nutrient, and its excretion falls to very low levels. In severe deficiency the body may start to break down its own tissues and the reduction of appetite accompanies this condition. An animal can die from zinc deficiency even though it is has a normal concentration of zinc in its tissues, but it can respond rapidly to small amount of dietary zinc. The mechanisms by which the body stops growing in response to nutritional lack are similar to the hormonal picture seen in endocrine disease (reduction of the production of the hormonal mediators of growth, down-regulation of receptors, and reduction of protein synthesis). Growth failure is the clinical sign characteristic of a diet deficient in protein, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium. Wasting may be also ascribed to toxins, infection, worms, or persistent diarrhea. Anorexia is another common response in nutrient deficiency. Only a supplementation diet with a balance of nutrients will promote rapid recovery.
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PMID:Specific deficiencies versus growth failure: type I and type II nutrients. 1234 13

Iron deficiency and helminth infections are two common conditions of children in developing countries. The consequences of helminth infection in young children are not well described, and the efficacy of low dose iron supplementation is not well documented in malaria-endemic settings. A 12-mo randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind trial of 10 mg daily iron and/or mebendazole (500 mg) every 3 mo was conducted in a community-based sample of 459 Zanzibari children age 6-71 mo with hemoglobin > 70 g/L at baseline. The trial was designed to examine treatment effects on growth, anemia and appetite in two age subgroups. Iron did not affect growth retardation, hemoglobin concentration or mild or moderate anemia (hemoglobin < 110 g/L or < 90 g/L, respectively), but iron significantly improved serum ferritin and erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Mebendazole significantly reduced wasting malnutrition. but only in children <30 mo old. The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for mebendazole in this age group were 0.38 (95% CI: 0.16, 0.90) for weight-for-height less than -1 Z-score and 0.29 (0.09, 0.91) for small arm circumference. In children <24 mo old, mebendazole also reduced moderate anemia (AOR: 0.41, 0.18, 0.94). Both iron and mebendazole improved children's appetite, according to mothers' report. In this study, iron's effect on anemia was limited, likely constrained by infection, inflammation and perhaps other nutrient deficiencies. Mebendazole treatment caused unexpected and significant reductions in wasting malnutrition and anemia in very young children with light infections. We hypothesize that incident helminth infections may stimulate inflammatory immune responses in young children, with deleterious effects on protein metabolism and erythropoiesis.
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PMID:Low dose daily iron supplementation improves iron status and appetite but not anemia, whereas quarterly anthelminthic treatment improves growth, appetite and anemia in Zanzibari preschool children. 1474 71

We conducted a cross sectional study to examine the association of intestinal parasitic infections and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) with iron-status indicators and anaemia among Orang Asli children in Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 281 children aged 2 - 15 years were studied. The data were collected using structured questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and laboratory analysis for blood and faecal samples. All children were infected either by A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura or hookworm and almost 19%, 26% and 3% of the children had severe infection of ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection respectively. The prevalence of giardiasis among them was 24.9%. Overall, 41.5% of the children were anaemic (haemoglobin < 11.0 g/dL). Of these 61.0% of the children had iron deficiency and 36.5% had iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), which accounted for 88.0% of anaemia in this population. Severe trichuriasis had the most significant correlation with anaemia and iron deficiency in this population. It contributed to low concentrations of haemoglobin, serum iron and serum ferritin and high total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Significant underweight and stunting were associated with low concentrations of haemoglobin and serum iron while significant wasting was significantly associated with low concentration of serum ferritin. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that severe trichuriasis was a strong predictor of IDA. It also confirmed that children who were significantly underweight and whose mother was working were independent predictors of IDA in this population.
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PMID:Serum iron status in Orang Asli children living in endemic areas of soil-transmitted helminths. 1804 35

Serum transferrin, estimated by total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), may be a marker of protein-energy wasting (PEW) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. We hypothesized that low TIBC or its fall over time is associated with poor clinical outcomes. In 807 MHD patients in a prospective 5-year cohort, associations of TIBC and its changes over time with outcomes were examined after adjustment for case-mix and markers of iron stores and malnutrition-inflammation including serum interleukin-6, iron and ferritin. Patients with serum TIBC >or=250 mg/dl had higher body mass index, triceps and biceps skinfolds and mid-arm muscle circumference and higher serum levels of iron but lower ferritin and inflammatory markers. Some SF-36 quality of life (QoL) components were worse in the lowest and/or highest TIBC groups. Mortality was incrementally higher in lower TIBC levels (p-trend <0.001). Adjusted death hazard ratio was 1.75 (95% CI: 1.00-3.05, p = 0.05) for TIBC <150 compared to TIBC of 200-250 mg/dl. A fall in TIBC >20 mg/dl over 6 months was associated with a death hazard ratio of 1.57 (95% CI: 1.04-2.36, p = 0.03) compared to the stable TIBC group. Hence, low baseline serum TIBC is associated with iron deficiency, PEW, inflammation, poor QoL and mortality, and its decline over time is independently associated with increased death risk.
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PMID:Association of serum total iron-binding capacity and its changes over time with nutritional and clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients. 1913 18

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially those requiring maintenance hemodialysis treatments, may lose up to 3 g of iron each year because of frequent blood losses. Higher doses of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) may worsen iron depletion and lead to an increased platelet count (thrombocytosis), ESA hyporesponsiveness, and hemoglobin variability. Hence, ESA therapy requires concurrent iron supplementation. Traditional iron markers such as serum ferritin and transferrin saturation ratio (TSAT) (ie, serum iron divided by total iron-binding capacity [TIBC]), may be confounded by non-iron-related conditions. Whereas serum ferritin <200 ng/mL suggests iron deficiency in CKD patients, ferritin levels between 200 and 1,200 ng/mL may be related to inflammation, latent infections, malignancies, or liver disease. Protein-energy wasting may lower TIBC, leading to a TSAT within the normal range, even when iron deficiency is present. Iron and anemia indices have different mortality predictabilities, in that high serum ferritin but low iron, TIBC, and TSAT levels are associated with increased mortality, whereas hemoglobin exhibits a U-shaped risk for death. The increased mortality associated with targeting hemoglobin above 13 g/dL may result from iron depletion-associated thrombocytosis. Intravenous (IV) iron administration may not only decrease hemoglobin variability and ESA hyporesponsiveness, it may also reduce the greater mortality associated with the much higher ESA doses that have been used in some patients when targeting higher hemoglobin levels.
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PMID:Intravenous iron versus erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: friends or foes in treating chronic kidney disease anemia? 1923 73


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