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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and nutritional anaemia was investigated in 392 black children, aged 13--60 months, living in a poor rural area. Breast feeding was practised extensively in the population (median duration 14 months). The overall prevalence of PEM was 16,4%, but severe PEM occurred in only 2,7% of the children. Anaemia was present in 6,7% of children, and was almost invariably associated with iron deficiency. Biochemical evidence of iron, folate and vitamin B12 deficiency was detected in 36%, 14,8%, and 0,3% of children respectively. Anaemia was almost confined to the 1-year-old group, but biochemical evidence of iron deficiency, while highest in this age group, continued into the 2-4-year age group. No relationship was found between ecological factors such as income, educational status, etc. and any of the anthropometric, biochemical or haematological variables. The prevalence of PEM and anaemia in these poor rural children is lower than that of a comparable group of underprivileged urban children, thus emphasizing that city slum conditions are producing considerable nutritional problems in their wake. It is of importance to investigate further why some children who are severely deprived in many ways do not necessarily manifest a proportional degree of nutritional deprivation.
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PMID:Protein energy malnutrition and nutritional anaemia in preschool children in rural KwaZulu. 41 6

Ochratoxin A at 8 micrograms per g of diet, but not at lower doses, fed to chickens from 1 day to 3 weeks of age resulted in significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased packed blood cell volume and hemoglobin concentration without altering the number of circulating erythrocytes. Serum iron and percentage of transferrin saturation were lowered at 4 and 8 micrograms/g. Therefore, anemia was characteristic of severe ochratoxicosis of young chickens, and the anemia was categorized as a hypochromic-microcytic anemia of the iron deficiency type. These data indicate that ochratoxin A by itself does not cause hemorrhagic anemia syndrome of chickens and that an anemia caused by a nutritional deficiency can be elicited by a mycotoxin.
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PMID:Ochratoxin A-induced iron deficiency anemia. 45 31

A comparative study of the level of 4 plasma proteins in malnutrition shows that albumin has low sensitivity, transferrin has intermediate and the TBPA-RBP complex has the highes sensitivity to an alteration in the nutritional status. According to protein and/or iron deficiency, the synthesis of trnasferrin seems to be submitted to contradictory impulses which partially invalidates this test as a reliable index for estimating protein depletion alone. On the contrary, the components of the TBPA-RBP complex respond together and in a parallel direction to protein deficiency. The high degree of sensitivity of TBPA and RBP to an inadequate protein intake is apparently related to their rapid turnover rate and to their unusual richness in tryptophan, which is known to play a key role in the control of protein synthesis. Measurement of TBPA (or RBP) is proposed as a method for the detection of pre-kwashiorkor and early marasmus.
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PMID:Albumin, transferrin and the thyroxine-binding prealbumin/retinol-binding protein (TBPA-RBP) complex in assessment of malnutrition. 81 Feb 74

The incidence of nutritional anaemia and of protein calorie malnutrition in 119 randomly selected Black children living in the Muldersdrift area was studied. The ecology of nutritional problems in the community was also investigated. Major problems in the area were poor educational and medical facilities, a high childhood mortality rate and poor cash incomes. An important factor which influenced nutrition was large family size. The incidence of protein calorie malnutrition was 27,6% and of nutritional anaemia 13,3%. In the second year of life the incidence of anaemia was 27,3%. The main cause of anaemia was iron deficiency.
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PMID:Protein calorie malnutrition and nutritional anaemia in Black pre-school children in a South African semirural community. 81 25

To study the relationships between malaria, anemia and malnutrition, 853 school-age children from a high malaria incidence area and an adjacent low incidence area were surveyed in September 1972. For the high incidence area the malaria slide positivity rate was 3.5%, spleen rate 7.6% and malaria (indirect fluorescent antibody) serology positivity 24.7%. Contrasted to this, no positive slides, only 3 palpable spleens and a 3.4% serology positivity rate were found for the low incidence area. Twenty-three percent of those studied were anemic, but the prevalence of anemia was the same in both the high and low incidence areas. However, a selected group of children with known history of recent or actual malaria was found to be more likely to have deficient hematocrit values than were children without such history. Hypochromia and microcytosis were prominent morphologic findings in children with anemia, suggesting a diagnosis of iron deficiency. Weights and heights for age were considerably below those of a U.S. reference population but similar to nationwide Salvadoran figures. In both the high and low incidence groups, 62% had arm circumference values below 90% of standard. The distribution of weight-to-height ratios was also similar for both groups. No difference in nutritional status between the two groups could be found.
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PMID:The prevalence and relationships of malaria, anemia, and malnutrition in a coastal area of El Salvador. 109 Nov 65

A high negative correlation (coefficient similar to 0.9) between increased 59Fe absorption from a diagnostic 0.56 mg 59Fe2+ dose and the depletion of available storage iron was observed in menstruating and pregnant women, fullterm and premature infants, blood donors, patients with infections, inflammations, tumors, hepatic cirrhosis, gastric surgery, increased urogenital or gastrointestinal blood loss. The increased diagnostic 59Fe2+ absorption is a reliable and sensitive indicator of at least depleted iron stores or prelatent iron deficiency as caused by iron malnutrition or maldigestion, increased iron requirement in pregnancy, infancy, urogenital or gastrointestinal blood loss. Although the messenger system which signalyzes the depletion of iron stores to the iron absorbing enterocytes of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa is not yet known available storage iron seems to control intestinal iron absorption under normal and the great majority o pathological condition in humans. Anemia per se or high erythropoietin levels in blood do not influence iron absorption since patients with even severe erythroblastic hypoplasia, aplastic anemia and megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency absorb iron according to their iron stores. An only mild hyperplasia of the erythropoietic system in the bone marrow does also not effect iron absorption which was still under the control of available storage iron in patients with hereditary spherocytosis, nonspherocytic congenital hemolytic anemia due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, acquired hemolytic anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency induced megaloblastic anemia..
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PMID:Intestinal iron absorption under the influence of available storage iron and erythroblastic hyperplasia. Comparative studies in children with hereditary spherocytosis, nonspherocytic enzymopenic hemolytic anemia, acquired hemolytic anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency induced megaloblastic anemia, erythroblastic hypoplasia and aplastic anemia. 113 Jan 21

In pediatric practice iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency. Infants between 6 months and 2 or 3 years are predisposed, especially if they were pre- or dysmature newborns or gemini. The frequency of iron deficiency--prelatent, latent or manifest anemia -- can be understood from the peculiarities of iron metabolism in this early period of life. Influencing factors are the body iron content of the newborn and the amount of postnatal iron intake. The discrepancy between a low iron content in the average baby's formula and high requirements in the rapidly growing organism have also to be considered. Low values of hemoglobin and serum iron, and an increased intestinal iron absorption in a normal baby of 4--6 months or a prematurely born baby of 2--3 months indicate depleted iron stores. A longterm oral iron therapy is indicated in pre- or dysmature babies, in newborns with perinatal blood loss, and in infants with recurrent infections. In this study 40 infants and children were treated with a liquid ferrogluconate preparation (Athensa-Ferro-Saft). Controls of several parameters of red blood cells, serum iron and iron binding capacity showed a good or excellent therapeutic effect. No serious side effects were seen. Because the preparation is well tolerated and can be administered in individual doses, it may be recommended for pediatric use.
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PMID:[Oral iron therapy in infancy and childhood (author's transl)]. 117 57

Hunger and malnutrition in Africa have been on the increase since the 1960s. During the 1970s, it is estimated that 30 million people were directly affected by famine and malnutrition. About 5 million children died in 1984 alone. In Mozambique during the 1983-84 famine, about 100,000 people perished. In Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Liberia, and Angola armed conflicts compound the problem. Ethiopia alone had 9 million famine victims in 1983. The most common form of malnutrition in Africa is protein energy deficiency affecting over 100 million people, especially 30-50 million children under 5 years of age. Almost another 200 million are at risk. Iron deficiency, commonly called anemia, also affects 150 million people, mostly women and children. Iodine deficiency leads to disorders like mental retardation, cretinism, deafness, abortion, low resistance to disease, and goiter and this affects 60 million with about 150 million more at risk. Vitamin A deficiency causes blindness and low resistance to disease and affects about 10 million. Protein energy deficiency is treated by using donated foods in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, day care centers, and feeding centers. There are no community programs for anemia, or vitamin A or iodine deficiencies. Vaccines for preventing and drugs for treating diseases that cause malnutrition are imported. Therefore, African food and nutrition professionals met in 1988 and created the Africa Council for Food and Nutrition Sciences (AFRONUS) to eliminate famine and malnutrition in Africa. Activities have started in: 1) developing contacts between the workers in food and nutrition; 2) assessing the situation of food and nutrition in Africa; 3) developing an action plan; 4) implementing the plan; and 5) monitoring progress. Food and Nutrition Policy Guidelines have also been prepared by AFRONUS for food and nutrition workers. Africa has enough natural resources to solve the problem of hunger and malnutrition, but these resources have to be harnessed.
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PMID:Hunger and malnutrition: the determinant of development: the case for Africa and its food and nutrition workers. 139 7

Routinely measuring iron status is necessary because not only are about 6% of Americans in significant negative iron balance, but about 1% have iron overload. Serum ferritin is in equilibrium with body iron stores, and is the only blood test that measures them. Barring inflammation, each one ng (0.0179 pmol) ferritin/ml of serum indicates approximately 10 mg (0.179 mmol) of body iron stores. Very early Stage I positive balance is best recognized by measuring saturation of iron binding capacity. Conversely, serum ferritin best recognizes early (Stage I and II) negative balance. Deviations from normal are: 1. Both stages of iron depletion (i.e. low stores, no dysfunction). Negative iron balance Stage I is reduced iron absorption producing moderately depleted iron stores. Stage II is severely depleted stores, without dysfunction. These stages include over half of all cases of negative iron balance. Treated with iron, they never progress to dysfunction, i.e. to disease. 2. Both stages of iron deficiency. Deficiency is inadequate iron for normal function, i.e. dysfunction, disease. Negative balance Stage III is dysfunction without anemia; Stage IV is with anemia. 3. Positive iron balance: Stage I is a multi-year period without dysfunction. Supplements of iron and/or vitamin C promote progression to dysfunction (disease). Iron removal prevents progression. Stage II is iron overload disease, encompassing years of insidiously progressive damage to tissues and organs from iron overload. Iron removal arrests progression.
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PMID:Iron disorders can mimic anything, so always test for them. 142 81

In patients with idiopathic aplastic anaemia (n = 34) and Fanconi's anaemia (n = 8), sampled once or on several occasions, serum erythropoietin (Epo) increased with increasing severity of anaemia with apparently similar rates of increase in each group. However, after adjustment for Hb, log Epo values for the Fanconi's anaemics tended to be greater than those for the idiopathic aplastic anaemics (P < 0.01). Erythropoietin concentrations in serum samples from patients with Fanconi's and idiopathic aplastic anaemias tended to be greater than in samples from patients with anaemias from protein energy malnutrition, myelodysplasia and iron deficiency. The results suggest that there is no deficiency of erythropoietin in Fanconi's and idiopathic aplastic anaemias and that if exogenous erythropoietin is of any benefit it would need to be administered in doses large enough to induce a significant increase in log Epo. Results of the study illustrate the need to take account of the assumptions which underlie interpretation of the statistical analysis. Use of erythropoietin values in place of log Epo gives misleading conclusions demonstrable as invalid as the conditions for normality of distribution of the data and homogeneity of variances were not satisfied.
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PMID:Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin in patients with idiopathic aplastic and Fanconi's anaemias. 148 41


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