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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The world's leading nutritional problem is iron deficiency. 66% of children and women aged 15-44 years in developing countries have it. Further, 10-20% of women of childbearing age in developed countries are anemic. Iron deficiency is identified with often irreversible impairment of a child's learning ability. It is also associated with low capacity for adults to work which reduces productivity. In addition, it impairs the immune system which reduces the body's ability to fight infection. Iron deficiency also lowers the metabolic rate and the body temperature when exposed to cold. Hemoglobin contains nearly 73% of the body's iron. This iron is always being recycled as more red blood cells are made. The rest of the needed iron does important tasks for the body, such as binds to molecules that are reservoirs of oxygen for muscle cells. This iron comes from our diet, especially meat. Even though some plants, such as spinach, are high in iron, the body can only absorb 1.4-7% of the iron in plants whereas it can absorb 20% of the iron in red meat. In many developing countries, the common vegetarian diets contribute to high rates of iron deficiency. Parasitic diseases and abnormal uterine bleeding also promote iron deficiency. Iron therapy in anemic children can often, but not always, improve behavior and cognitive performance. Iron deficiency during pregnancy often contributes to maternal and perinatal mortality. Yet treatment, if given to a child in time, can lead to normal growth and hinder infections. However, excess iron can be damaging. Too much supplemental iron in a malnourished child promotes fatal infections since the excess iron is available for the pathogens use. Many countries do not have an effective system for diagnosing, treating, and preventing iron deficiency. Therefore a concerted international effort is needed to eliminate iron deficiency in the world.
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PMID:Iron deficiency. 174

Prior to 1960 a Polya gastrectomy was the most frequent operation for duodenal ulcer. The majority of these patients now have reached the age of sixty or older. A prospective longitudinal study of a cohort of patients who underwent gastrectomy between 1955 and 1960 was undertaken. Twenty five to thirty years later the study has revealed the extent of the nutritional problems that may arise with the passage of time and shows that these numerically far outweigh the mechanical post-gastrectomy syndromes and weight loss which tended to dominate the earlier post-gastrectomy scene. By the end of the first decade, iron deficiency was the commonest nutritional problem. Vitamin B12 deficiency assumed more importance in the second decade. During the third decade both reached equal prevalence, being found in some 90% of the female and 70% of the male residual population. Vitamin D deficiency and early osteomalacia was a lesser problem, reaching its climax in the second decade. Evidence suggested a high incidence of osteoporosis and this requires further investigation. Overall, women fared worse than men with a higher and earlier incidence of iron deficiency, particularly in the pre-menopausal group. This study emphasizes the increasing need for regular screening of post-gastrectomy patients to detect early iron, vitamin B12 and vitamin D deficiencies as patients grow older.
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PMID:A gastrectomy population: 25-30 years on. 221 95

Iron deficiency causes different abnormalities in the three major population groups that are at risk. In pregnant women, epidemiological studies suggest that anaemia, presumably due mainly to iron deficiency, is associated with an increased risk of low birth weight, prematurity, and perinatal mortality. In iron-deficient infants and children, there is convincing evidence of impaired psychomotor development and cognitive performance. Finally, iron-deficient women during the childbearing years (and iron-deficient men) have a decreased work capacity and less efficient response to exercise. These symptoms provide ample justification for preventing and treating a common and easily correctable nutritional disorder.
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PMID:Iron deficiency: does it matter? 268 13

The article presents a one year study of 227 immigrant children admitted to the Paediatric Department at Aker hospital, Oslo. Immigrant children comprised 16.5% of the admissions and, on average, had a longer stay in hospital than was the case for the department as a whole. Pakistani children were in the majority and accounted for 57.7% of the total number of admissions. Immigrant children show a higher incidence of imported diseases, due to visits to their native countries, mainly third world countries. Nutritional problems such as iron deficiency were particularly frequent in children between one and three years of age. An interpreter was used for 17.5% of the admitted children. The study showed, however, that interpreters should have been used even more. An increasing number of immigrant and refugee children impose new demands on today's health personnel: the need for further knowledge about the immigrants' cultural background and way of life. A larger proportion of immigrants among health personnel in our hospitals would prove beneficial.
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PMID:[Immigrant children at the hospital]. 274 19

Nutritional iron deficiency induced in rats causes a significant reduction in level of brain nonheme iron and is accompanied by selective reduction of dopamine D2 receptor Bmax. Our previous studies have clearly demonstrated that these alterations can be restored to normal by supplementation with ferrous sulfate; however, neither brain nonheme iron level nor dopamine D2 receptor Bmax can be increased beyond control values even after long-term iron therapy. The possibility that iron deficiency can induce the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was examined. A 70 and 100% increase in brain uptake index (BUI) for L-glucose and insulin, respectively, were noted in iron-deficient rats. However, the BUI for valine was decreased by 40%, and those for L-norepinephrine and glycine were unchanged. In addition, it was demonstrated that in normal rats insulin is transported into the brain. The data show that iron deficiency selectively affects the integrity of the BBB for insulin, glucose, and valine transport. Whether the effect of iron deficiency on the BBB is at the level of the capillary endothelial cell tight junction is not yet known. However, this study has shown that an important nutritional disorder (iron-deficiency anemia) has a profound effect on the BBB and brain function.
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PMID:Selective alteration in blood-brain barrier and insulin transport in iron-deficient rats. 296 35

Latin America is a region where countries have various levels of socioeconomic development. Thus, the living standards and health status of its people differ significantly in the midst of a mosaic of social, ethnic, cultural and economic realities. Social inequalities and extreme poverty determine significant differences, not only in the magnitude of health indicators, but also in the type of pathology prevalent. People in the high socioeconomic levels are affected by nutritional diseases characterized by excessive food intake, while people from the low socioeconomic levels are affected by undernutrition and its associated pathology. Undernutrition occurs fundamentally among the age groups at higher risk in the population segments with low income, low food intake, illiteracy and poor access to the health care and preventive medicine centers. Among families exposed to undernutrition, women are usually in worse condition than men. This is due to the long working hours and the increased nutritional requirements caused by frequent gestations and prolonged lactation. It is estimated that one fourth of newborns in Latin America are affected by low birth weight, which has been associated to adolescent mothers, their excessive physical work, anemia, low maternal pregestational weight, low weight gain during gestation, and frequent maternal infections. Nutritional anemia due to iron deficiency is highly prevalent among pregnant women in Latin America. In some countries, the prevalence of folate deficiency during pregnancy appears to have increased significantly in the past 15 years and is becoming a nutritional problem that needs preferential attention. Diets generally are inadequate and, in the case of pregnant and lactating women, usually deficient in calories, protein, iron and folic acid. It is urgent that the health and nutritional status of Latin American women of low socioeconomic condition be given special attention, particularly mothers during gestation and lactation. Otherwise, women will not be able to altogether fulfill their important role in the home and within the family, nor will they successfully participate in the economic development of their countries.
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PMID:[The nutritional and health status of the Latin American woman]. 315 32

The relationship of infant feeding practices to iron status was examined in a group of 280 infants, 9 to 12 months of age, attending a "well-baby" clinic. Of this group, 7.6% were found to be iron depleted, 19.7% were iron deficient without anemia, and 8.2% were iron deficient with anemia. The incidence of iron-deficiency anemia was significantly greater in the black infants than the white infants (14.3% v 2.7%). The introduction of whole cow's milk into the diet had occurred prior to 6 months of age in 29.2% of the infants, and 62.1% of these infants had laboratory evidence of nutritional iron inadequacy, as contrasted with only 21.8% of those with iron deficiencies fed cow's milk after 6 months of age. Of the 21 infants with iron-deficiency anemia, 19 (90.5%) had been fed whole cow's milk prior to 6 months of age. Iron deficiency remains a nutritional problem for infants in an urban setting and is largely a result of the early introduction of whole cow's milk into the diet.
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PMID:Iron status and infant feeding practices in an urban ambulatory center. 686 89

During the first six months of life, infants should gain about 1 oz. of weight daily. In the second six months of life, they should gain at about half that rate. To attain this rate of weight gain, infants must receive 120 kilocalories (kcal.) per kg. per day during the first six months and 100 kcal. per kg. per day in the second six months. Iron deficiency is the leading specific nutritional disorder in this age group.
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PMID:Infant nutrition made simple. 742 59

To study the effects of iron nutriture on tissue iron, copper and zinc contents, we fed iron-deficient or control diets to pregnant rats and their offspring. Pups were weaned to the same or opposite diet as that fed to their dams, yielding four groups: control-control (CC), control-deficient (CD), deficient-control (DC) and deficient-deficient (DD). Offspring were killed at 2, 21, 30, 60 and 90 days of age. Iron deficiency, induced by feeding a 5 ppm iron diet to the dam and/or to the weanlings, resulted in impaired body growth, lower hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and reduced iron levels in liver, spleen and kidney of the offspring. Two-day-old iron-deficient pups had hepatic copper levels 1.5- fold higher than control pups. By the end of the suckling period, hepatic copper levels in iron-deficient pups were 3-fold greater than those of control pups. Hepatic copper concentration in control-fed rats (CC and DC) declined with maturation. In deficient rats (CD and DD), this normal decrease in hepatic copper did not occur and in CD rats, there was a progressive accumulation of copper in the liver. Renal zinc concentrations were lower in CD and DD than in control-fed animals at 60 and 90 days of age. These interactions among iron, copper and zinc may assume clinical importance since iron deficiency is a common nutritional problem.
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PMID:Tissue iron, copper and zinc levels in offspring of iron-sufficient and iron-deficient rats. 746 70

The World Health Organization considers iron deficiency the number one nutritional disorder in the world. In this review, the normal pattern for iron accumulation and expression of iron regulatory proteins (transferrin and its receptor, and ferritin) in brain during development are examined biochemically and at the cellular and molecular levels. Iron and the iron-regulatory proteins are at their highest postnatal concentration in the brain at birth, decline over the preweaning period and then increase to adult levels. Evidence is presented that in utero exposure to alcohol, iron-deficient diets, and dysfunctional oligodendrocytes can influence the normal pattern for iron accumulation in the brain which sets off a cascade of events that results in loss of regulatory control of iron. Because iron is an essential cofactor in neurotransmitter synthesis and myelination altering iron availability during vulnerable periods of development may have a permanent influence both on iron homeostasis in the brain and motor and cognitive function. At the cellular level, iron-positive cells in the subventricular zone and myelinogenic foci are present as early as postnatal day 3. Disruption of oligodendrocyte maturation is associated with altered expression and cellular accumulation of iron, transferrin and the transferrin receptor in brain. These data indicate that iron delivered via transferrin and its receptor is intrinsically involved in oligodendrocyte maturation and thus plays a critical role in the onset of myelination. In the adult, oligodendrocytes are the predominant iron-regulatory cell in the brain by virtue of their high content of iron, transferrin and ferritin. From these studies we conclude oligodendrocytes may be responsible for iron regulation in the brain at the cellular level and that brain iron regulatory mechanisms are vulnerable to manipulation during postnatal development.
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PMID:Iron acquisition and expression of iron regulatory proteins in the developing brain: manipulation by ethanol exposure, iron deprivation and cellular dysfunction. 776 2


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