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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The relationship between iron deficiency and protein deficiency and infestation of the rat with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was investigated. There was a significant delay in the expulsion of N. brasiliensis from the small intestine of both iron deficient and protein deficient animals and those with a combined deficiency of iron and protein. Iron repletion returned the time of worm expulsion to normal and this would appear to be related to iron deficiency per se rather than to anaemia. Antibody initiated damage to worms was normal in the control animals and in animals with nutritional deficiencies. This suggests that the defect in worm expulsion occurs either in the cell-mediated immune system or in one of the other mediators of expulsion. Extrapolation to the human situation has important therapeutic implications in that iron and protein deficiency may play an important role in the perpetuation of helminth infestations. Thus, to be successful antihelminth therapy should be accompanied by iron and protein supplementation.
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PMID:Effect of iron and protein deficiency on the expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from the small intestine of the rat. 55 35

Trichuriasis may be asymptomatic or, in heavy infection, lead to profuse, bloody diarrhea and rectal prolapse. Diagnosis is made by finding the distinctive barrel shaped eggs in the stool or in the heavily infested patient, by anoscopy and identification of worms attached to reddened and ulcerated rectal mucosa. Mebendazole is the drug of choice in treatment. Capillariasis, a parasitic infection encountered mainly in the Philippine Islands, is of interest in that the eggs may be confused with the eggs of trichuris. Hookworm disease is generally asymptomatic, but in heavy infection, leads to iron deficiency and hypochromic, microcytic anemia. Diagnosis is made by finding the characteristic hookworm eggs on a examination of a direct fecal film. Accidental invasion of humans by dog and cat hookworm leads to cutaneous larva migrans, also known as "creeping eruption." Human hookworm is treated most effectively with mebendazole, while the rash produced by creeping eruption responds to topical thiabendazole. Strongyloides is fairly common in rural areas of the southeastern United States and may be seen in the urban setting among inmates of mental institutions, prisons, and in immigrants who formerly resided in endemic tropical regions. Because of its remarkable capacity for dissemination of larvae throughout the body, this parasite is now recognized as a serious problem for the patient who is immunocompromised. Diagnosis is made by finding larvae in the stool or by the Enterotest. All infected patients should be treated with thiabendazole. I consider the issue on Drugs For Parasitic Infections, published annually or biannually by The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics, to be the single best source of information on the treatment of parasitic diseases for primary care physicians.
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PMID:Parasitic diseases. Other roundworms. Trichuris, hookworm, and Strongyloides. 201 42

Nutritional anaemias are common in tropical areas. The commonest cause is iron deficiency, which mainly arises from impaired absorption of iron from food. Substances which inhibit iron absorption in various diets play an important role in the pathogenesis of iron deficiency anaemia. Iron deficiency is further aggravated by blood loss in hook-worm infestation. Folic acid and vitamin B 12 deficiency are less important causes of nutritional anaemia. The efforts of the World Health Organization to supplement iron in food are described.
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PMID:[Deficiency anemias in tropical countries]. 647 80

Iron deficiency remains the most prevalent form of human malnutrition, and current interventions to control it have not decreased the global prevalence. Hookworm control activities are becoming more widely implemented, but the importance of these efforts to prevent anemia in populations is not well-defined. We studied the relationships among hookworm infection, intestinal blood loss, and iron status of 203 Zanzibari school children. Helminth infection intensity was quantified by fecal egg counts, and iron deficiency anemia was defined by low hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations. Intestinal blood loss was quantified by measuring fecal heme and heme breakdown products as porphyrin, a noninvasive method that has not been used previously to assess hookworm blood loss. Intestinal blood loss was strongly and linearly related to hookworm egg counts. The degree of degradation of fecal heme indicated that blood loss occurred in the upper gastrointestinal tract, compatible with the behavior of hookworms. Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections were also common, but did not contribute significantly to intestinal blood loss in this population. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia increased steadily as hookworm infection intensity and intestinal blood loss increased. In the context of a poor diet, as exists in Zanzibar and many tropical countries, hookworm-related blood loss contributes dramatically to anemia. In such contexts, hookworm control is a feasible and essential component of anemia control. Determination of fecal heme is relatively simple and noninvasive and may be a useful tool for measuring the impact of hookworm control activities.
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PMID:Hemoquant determination of hookworm-related blood loss and its role in iron deficiency in African children. 891 95

Foreign adopted children and children of asylum applicants and refugees, newly arrived in Denmark, often have lived under conditions that make the following diagnostic considerations relevant: scabies, lice, impetigo and fungal skin infections, nutritional iron deficiency or bleeding, anaemia caused by hook worms in the gastrointestinal tract, malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, HIV infection and various intestinal parasites. Haemoglobinopathies including sickle cell anaemia and talassaemia should also be kept in mind in anaemia. Immigrant children are admitted to hospital approximately twice as frequently as Danish children but with the same diagnoses apart from some increased frequency of psychological and behavioural disturbances and talassaemia.
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PMID:[Diseases among refugee and immigrant children]. 1110 68

The objective of this experiment was to detect a possible interaction between iron deficiency and intestinal nematode infections. We report on a 2 x 2 study where thirty-one 10-week-old pigs fed a low or a normal iron diet were infected with both Trichuris suis (4500 eggs) and Ascaris suum (1200 eggs). No significant difference was detected between diet groups with respect to parasitological parameters for A. suum or the total number of adult T. suis recovered at necropsy 10 weeks p.i. However, in the low iron group T. suis were located more proximally and the worms were increased in length. A higher proportion of pigs with initial faecal egg excretion at 6 weeks p.i. was observed in the low iron group, indicating a shortened pre-patency period. Worm fecundity and total faecal egg excretion were also highest in the low iron group. A significant correlation was found between female worm length and fecundity. The peripheral eosinophil counts were diminished in the low iron host groups. The infected low iron group experienced more severe pathophysiological changes in terms of hypoalbuminaemia and decreases in erythrocyte volumes. A significant inverse correlation existed between iron content in the bone-marrow and liver (body) store. In conclusion, iron deficiency increased the severity of T. suis infection in pigs.
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PMID:Effect of iron deficiency on Trichuris suis and Ascaris suum infections in pigs. 1139 33

Despite advances in scientific knowledge regarding multiple etiology, treatment, and potential strategies for combating iron deficiency and deficiencies of other micronutrients, iron deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency remain significant public health challenges for growing children and adolescents. The short-term efficient supplementation approach, although technically feasible, has not been successful due to problems with delivery and compliance. Evidence is building that preventive supplementation coupled with nutrition education may be a more effective strategy associated with better compliance and improvement in iron status. Long-term, effective approaches include fortification, dietary modification, public health and disease control measures, and income generation programs. Food fortification can be a cost-effective intervention strategy if technologically feasible, nutritionally sound, culturally acceptable and economically viable food vehicle(s) and fortificant(s) can be identifed. Foods such as wheat, rice, and salt are commonly consumed in India; research is underway to evaluate various fortificants for these foods. Doubly fortified salt with iodine and iron may be particularly promising in the Indian situation as it is affordable, culturally acceptable, and may enhance iron absorption from Indian dietaries containing inhibitors of iron absorption. Feasibility studies are underway to evalute the stability and storage issues as well as bioavailability of fortificant iron. Dietary modification involves increased iron intake, by increasing total food intake and consumption of locally available iron-rich foods, and dietary practices favoring iron absorption. Blood loss associated with worm infestation can be controlled by periodic deworming and reducing reinfestation. Coordinating these major intervention approaches by building partnerships between the community, existing nutrition and health programs, government, industry, and academic institutions is critical for success of these programs. Nutrition education must be integral to all of these strategies discusssed. Primary health care system and school infrastructure and staff, along with school children and community members, can be powerful resources for addressing malnutrition in children and adolescents.
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PMID:Intervention strategies for improving iron status of young children and adolescents in India. 1203 48

A child responds to a deficiency of an essential nutrient either by continuing to grow and consuming body stores with eventual reduction in the bodily functions (Type I) or by reducing growth and avidly conserving the nutrient to maintain the concentration of the nutrient in the tissues (Type II). Examples of Type I nutrient deficiency are anemia (iron deficiency), beri-beri (thiamin deficiency), pellagra (niacin or nicotinic acid deficiency), scurvy (vitamin C or ascorbic acid deficiency), xerophthalmia (vitamin A or retinol deficiency) and iodine deficiency disorders. Diagnosis is relatively simple via clinical symptoms and measurement of the concentration of the nutrient itself. There are no characteristic symptoms to distinguish which Type II nutrient deficiency an individual has; all deficiencies result in the poor growth, stunting, and wasting generally ascribed to protein-energy malnutrition. In Type II, growth stops, the body starts to conserve the nutrient, and its excretion falls to very low levels. In severe deficiency the body may start to break down its own tissues and the reduction of appetite accompanies this condition. An animal can die from zinc deficiency even though it is has a normal concentration of zinc in its tissues, but it can respond rapidly to small amount of dietary zinc. The mechanisms by which the body stops growing in response to nutritional lack are similar to the hormonal picture seen in endocrine disease (reduction of the production of the hormonal mediators of growth, down-regulation of receptors, and reduction of protein synthesis). Growth failure is the clinical sign characteristic of a diet deficient in protein, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium. Wasting may be also ascribed to toxins, infection, worms, or persistent diarrhea. Anorexia is another common response in nutrient deficiency. Only a supplementation diet with a balance of nutrients will promote rapid recovery.
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PMID:Specific deficiencies versus growth failure: type I and type II nutrients. 1234 13

Major thrombocytosis associated with severe anemia is uncommon in pediatrics. We report 9 consecutive cases observed in Albert Royer Children Hospital of Dakar. They were 7 boys and 2 girls 4 to 15 years old (mean age = 10 years). Six patients had a history of geophagia and 3 presented recent emission of worms by the stools. Anemia was clinically well tolerated in all cases. In initial blood count platelet levels varied from 800 10(3) to 1180 10(3)/mm3 (mean = 1032 10(3)/mm3), while hemoglobin level varied from 3.4 to 7.4 g/dl (mean = 4.9 g/dl). Anemia was microcytic, hypochromic and associated with low serum iron level in all patients. We considered the diagnosis of reactive thrombocytosis induced by iron deficient anemia in all cases. Platelet count and red cell indices were progressively normalised with iron treatment and no complication of thrombocytosis was observed. Considering published data, iron deficiency is one of the most frequent causes of reactive thrombocytosis in children. The physiopathologic mechanism, still unknown, could involve cytokines of thrombopoiesis. Reactive thrombocytosis induced by iron deficiency or other factors have usually a benign course and need no specific treatment other than that of the etiology.
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PMID:[Major thrombocytosis associated with severe anemia in children. Diagnosis of 9 cases]. 1577 94

Severe anaemia is a common presentation in non-pregnant adults admitted to hospital in southern Africa. Standard syndromic treatment based on data from the pre-HIV era is for iron deficiency, worms and malaria. We prospectively investigated 105 adults admitted consecutively to medical wards with haemoglobin < 7 g/dl. Those with acute blood loss were excluded. Patients were investigated for possible parasitic, bacterial, mycobacterial and nutritional causes of anaemia, including bone marrow aspiration, to identify potentially treatable causes. Seventy-nine per cent of patients were HIV-positive. One-third of patients had tuberculosis, which was diagnosed only by bone marrow culture in 8% of HIV-positive patients. In 21% of individuals bacteria were cultured, with non-typhi salmonella predominating and Streptococcus pneumoniae rare. Iron deficiency, hookworm infection and malaria were not common in HIV-positive anaemic adults, although heavy hookworm infections were found in 6 (27%) of the 22 HIV-negative anaemic adults. In conclusion, conventional treatment for severe anaemia in adults is not appropriate in an area of high HIV prevalence. Occult mycobacterial disease and bacteraemia are common, but iron deficiency is not common in HIV-positive patients. In addition to iron supplements, management of severe anaemia should include investigation for tuberculosis, and consideration of antibiotics active against enterobacteria.
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PMID:Treatable factors associated with severe anaemia in adults admitted to medical wards in Blantyre, Malawi, an area of high HIV seroprevalence. 1589 81


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