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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A high negative correlation (coefficient similar to 0.9) between increased 59Fe absorption from a diagnostic 0.56 mg 59Fe2+ dose and the depletion of available storage iron was observed in menstruating and pregnant women, fullterm and premature infants, blood donors, patients with infections, inflammations, tumors, hepatic cirrhosis, gastric surgery, increased urogenital or gastrointestinal blood loss. The increased diagnostic 59Fe2+ absorption is a reliable and sensitive indicator of at least depleted iron stores or prelatent iron deficiency as caused by iron malnutrition or maldigestion, increased iron requirement in pregnancy, infancy, urogenital or gastrointestinal blood loss. Although the messenger system which signalyzes the depletion of iron stores to the iron absorbing enterocytes of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa is not yet known available storage iron seems to control intestinal iron absorption under normal and the great majority o pathological condition in humans. Anemia per se or high erythropoietin levels in blood do not influence iron absorption since patients with even severe erythroblastic hypoplasia, aplastic anemia and megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency absorb iron according to their iron stores. An only mild hyperplasia of the erythropoietic system in the bone marrow does also not effect iron absorption which was still under the control of available storage iron in patients with hereditary spherocytosis, nonspherocytic congenital hemolytic anemia due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, acquired hemolytic anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency induced megaloblastic anemia..
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PMID:Intestinal iron absorption under the influence of available storage iron and erythroblastic hyperplasia. Comparative studies in children with hereditary spherocytosis, nonspherocytic enzymopenic hemolytic anemia, acquired hemolytic anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency induced megaloblastic anemia, erythroblastic hypoplasia and aplastic anemia. 113 Jan 21

The basic ferritin level in red cells was examined in 60 healthy volunteers and in 110 patients with various diseases of the red cell series. From samples of heparinized whole blood first leucocytes were removed and then they were haemolyzed. After subsequent centrifuging in the supernatant the basic ferritin content was assessed by means of an Amersham Ferritin RIA kit (Amersham, Great Britain). Normal values in healthy volunteers varied between 3.2 and 30.2 ag/ery. In patients with iron deficiency the values were significantly reduced, in patients with pernicious anaemia, beta-thalassemia minor, hereditary spherocytosis and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency or pyruvate kinase deficiency the levels of red cell ferritin were significantly elevated, as compared with the control group. The red cell ferritin level depends on the iron supply to cells of the red cell series and the amount needed for erythropoiesis. A reduced supply in sideropenia leads to a reduced level of red cell ferritin, in haemolytic anaemia its level depends on the generally elevated iron supply in the organism and possibly impaired haemoglobin synthesis, on the one hand, and concurrent elevated iron requirements in case of hyperplasia of red cell formation, on the other hand. Assessment of red cell ferritin is important not only for accurate estimation of the amount of iron available in the cell for haeme formation but also to elucidate the pathogenesis of some changes of iron metabolism in diseases of the red cell series.
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PMID:[The importance of determination of ferritin levels in erythrocytes]. 224 33

Resettlement of Southeast Asian refugees has introduced into the Western Hemisphere many persons of all major ethnic groups from Indochina. They represent several distinctive cultural, genetic, and linguistic groups, and the prevalence of genetic traits among them varies accordingly. We studied 778 Southeast Asian persons resettled in the upper Midwest who belonged to 182 unrelated families from the five major Southeast Asian ethnic groups. High prevalences of hemoglobin E, alpha- and beta-thalassemia disorders, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency were found. The prevalences of these four conditions in the refugees are among the highest known in the world. For these groups, iron deficiency is an uncommon cause of microcytosis; instead, the most frequent causes are hemoglobin E and alpha-thalassemia-1. Very serious thalassemic disorders occur with unusually high frequency in the refugees, especially in the Tai-Dam.
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PMID:Hematologic genetic disorders among Southeast Asian refugees. 398 4

In a study in northern Liberia of the malaria and beta-thalassaemia hypothesis, the frequencies of beta-thalassaemia and HbS traits were 9.1 and 3.4% in the Mano and 9.5 and 1.7% in the Gio tribal samples. HbC and HbN were present at low frequency. G6PD deficiency was found in 16% of males. An observed increase with age of beta-thalassaemia trait frequencies was consistent with the selection hypothesis. However, we could not entirely exclude that associated iron deficiency influenced the results in the six to 11 month age group. Malaria was holoendemic; Plasmodium falciparum predominated, P. malariae and P. ovale were also identified. Plasmodium falciparum prevalence rates were similar in normal and beta-thalassaemia trait children but parasite densities were consistently lower in the latter. Using the criterion of a falciparum parasite density of 1 x 10(9) 1(-1) or greater to indicate a potentially important infection, the relative risk in beta-thalassaemia traits one to four years old from the cross-sectional study was 0.45 (upper 95% confidence interval 0.79) and 0.41 (0.61) in two to nine year trait carriers from a longitudinal study. Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte rates were lower in beta-thalassaemia trait children (P less than 0.005). The geometric mean titre of P. falciparum antibodies was lower in beta-thalassaemia trait children from the one to four year group (P less than 0.05). Otherwise immunological studies showed little difference between the different Hb types. Parasitological findings were consistent with relative resistance of HbS trait carriers towards P. falciparum infection. We found no evidence for relative resistance of beta-thalassaemia traits towards P. malariae infection nor that G6PD deficient males were more resistant to P. falciparum than those with normal activity. We conclude that the results are consistent with relative resistance of beta-thalassaemia trait carriers to P. falciparum malaria.
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PMID:Falciparum malaria and beta-thalassaemia trait in northern Liberia. 635 19

Recent immigrants from Southeast Asia were screened for hematologic abnormalities using a multichannel cell counter (Coulter S), peripheral smear, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP), isoelectric focusing, and a qualitative screen for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Hematologic abnormalities were further defined by hemoglobin electrophoresis, globin electrophoresis, HbA2 levels, and HbF levels. Of the 189 adults studied, 68 (36 percent) were hematologically abnormal, including 28 hemoglobin E (HbE) heterozygotes, six HbE homozygotes, 14 with alpha-thalassemia minor, and 10 with presumptive iron deficiency. Of the 54 people with microcytic (MCV less than 80fl) red blood cells (RBC), 52 had evidence of HbE or thalassemia and two had iron deficiency alone; five had both iron deficiency and a hemoglobinopathy. Homozygosity for HbE results in an asymptomatic condition similar to thalassemia minor with microcytic RBC, large numbers of target cells, normal or slightly reduced hematocrit and greater than 90 percent HbE. People heterozygous for HbE are asymptomatic and have hematologic findings similar to thalassemia minor with slightly reduced or low normal MCV and 25 to 35 percent HbE.
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PMID:Hematologic findings in Southeast Asian immigrants with particular reference to hemoglobin E. 662 29

We have studied the prevalence and molecular nature of hereditary anaemias (abnormal haemoglobins, beta-thalassaemia, alpha-thalassaemia, and Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency) in a primitive central Indian tribe, the Baiga. 43% of the population appear to be iron-deficient. Hereditary anaemia gene frequencies are, sickle cell 0.0824, G6PD deficiency (in males) 0.0457, beta-thalassaemia 0.0057, and deletional alpha-plus thalassaemia 0.65. Both -alpha 3.7 and -alpha 4.2 deletions were observed and non-deletional alpha-thalassaemia was suspected. The overall gene frequency of Xmn I+polymorphism (C-->T - 158 cap site; upstream of G gamma region) is 0.35. This polymorphism is preferentially linked to beta s genes. It appears that sickle cell disease covers a wide range of severity in the Baiga tribe based on higher mortality in the offspring of AS x AS parents (2.5/couple) compared to AA x AS (0.75/couple) and AA x AA (0.76/couple) parents. This is compatible with the high frequency of genetic modifying factors, i.e., the Xmn I polymorphism and alpha-thalassaemia. The results also indicate that "normal" red cell values must be defined for each population where thalassaemias, G6PD deficiency and iron deficiency are common.
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PMID:Hereditary anaemias and iron deficiency in a tribal population (the Baiga) of central India. 762 84

Anemia is the most common hematologic complication of pregnancy and is associated with increased rates of premature birth, low birth weight and perinatal mortality. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia, and most pregnant women benefit from daily supplementation of 30 to 60 mg of elemental iron. Folic acid deficiency, the most common cause of megaloblastic anemia in pregnancy, is associated with open neural tube defects and other complications. It is recommended that daily supplementation with 4 mg of folic acid be started at least one month before conception and continued through the first trimester. Other less common causes of anemia include glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, sickle cell trait and disease, and the thalassemias. The primary care provider should emphasize risk evaluation, dietary and preconceptual counseling, testing and appropriate treatment.
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PMID:Anemia in pregnancy. 770 94

We evaluated the iron status of 50 Sicilian patients with G6PD deficiency under steady-state conditions and compared our results with those for 50 control patients. We studied haemolysis and iron indices to evaluate the iron balance. These patients could be considered to be at risk of iron overload as a result of increased bone marrow activity. Reticulocytosis and macrocytosis with reduced levels of haptoglobin were found in the G6PD-deficient subjects, both of which are evidence of a moderate haemolysis. Iron status within the normal range, without iron overload or iron deficiency, was found.
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PMID:Low-grade haemolysis and assessment of iron status during the steady state in G6PD-deficient subjects. 823 70

Iron deficiency is a common cause of microcytic anaemia. However, a high prevalence of haemoglobinopathies in the Arab population makes differential diagnosis difficult. This prospective study of anaemia in children attending a regional hospital in the Sultanate of Oman looked at the prevalence and causes of anaemia in 256 children, 153 in the age group 3-5 years (group A) and 103 in the age group 10-12 years (group B). Of the children studied, 45.1% in group A and 37.9% in group B were anaemic according to WHO criteria. All the anaemic children had low mean corpuscular haemoglobin and 75% showed microcytosis. Serum ferritin levels were normal and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency did not contribute to the anaemia. The microcytosis and microcytic anaemia in the study population could be attributed to the alpha-thalassaemia trait which is highly prevalent in Oman. The information is of value in any country where there is a significant prevalence of alpha-thalassaemia genes because these can confound the diagnosis of iron deficiency.
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PMID:High prevalence of microcytic anaemia in Omani children: a prospective study. 1128 46

The Genetic Blood Disorders Survey is the first community-based survey in the Arabic world and the Middle East to determine the prevalence of the most common genetic blood disorders. The objective of the survey was to determine the prevalence of the most common genetic blood disorders reported among Omani children under 5 years of age in order to provide the planners and policy-makers with reliable information suitable for formulating health policies, planning, and evaluation. The survey was designed, executed, and financed by the Ministry of Health of the Sultanate of Oman. To reduce costs and save effort and time, data collection for the survey was implemented with the Gulf Family Health Survey (GFHS). The GFHS in the Sultanate of Oman is a research project undertaken by the Council of Health Ministers of the Gulf Co-operation Council States. The six member countries have participated in this GFHS project. A total of 6103 households were interviewed. From these households 6342 children under 5 years of age were taken by their parents to neighbourhood hospitals or health centres for blood collection. Fifty-one per cent of the sample were male and 49 per cent were female. Among the child respondents, 17.9 per cent were in the age group 0 to < 1 year, 20.3 per cent were in the age group 1 to < 2 years, 21.1 per cent were in the age group 2 to < 3 years, 20.5 per cent were in the age group 3 to < 4 years, and 20.2 per cent were in the age group 4 to 5 years. Fifty-five per cent of the mothers of the children studied were illiterate, 9 per cent could read and write but had less than primary education, 20 per cent had completed primary school, 9 per cent had attended preparatory school, 5 per cent had attended secondary school, 1 per cent had had intermediate education, while 0.6 per cent had completed university or higher education. The results of this survey revealed that haemoglobinopathies are prevalent in Oman; the prevalence of sickle cell trait was 6 per cent, and of beta-thalassaemia 2 per cent. The prevalence of sickle cell and homozygous beta-thalassaemia were 0.2 and 0.07 per cent, respectively. Other abnormal haemoglobins (Hb) have been detected in this survey; HbD (0.6 per cent), HbE (0.3 per cent), HbC (0.02 per cent). Combination of sickle cell with other abnormal Hb was also detected at low prevalence. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme deficiency had a high prevalence in Oman, being 25 per cent in males and 10 per cent in females. Among the children studied, three-quarters (74.5 per cent) were found to be free from haemoglobinopathies and G6PD normal, the rest (25.5 per cent), either had haemoglobinopathies (7.5 per cent), G6PD deficiency (16 per cent) or a combination of G6PD deficiency with at least one abnormal Hb (2 per cent). The prevalence of total haemoglobinopathies in Oman was 9.5 per cent. The prevalence of sickle cell trait varied between regions, North Sharqiya had the highest prevalence of 10 per cent. Dakhiliya (9 per cent), followed by Muscat and South Batinah 8 and 7.9 per cent, respectively. The prevalence of sickle cell trait declined by a half in Musandam, South Sharqiya, Dhahira, and North Batinah (4.7, 3.9, 3.9, and 2.9 per cent respectively). Dhofar had the lowest prevalence of 0.2 per cent and no cases of sickle cell trait were found in the Al-Wousta region in the sample selected. The prevalence of beta-thalassaemia trait ranged from 3.9 to 0.2 per cent. Three regions had high rates: North Batinah (3.9 per cent), Muscat (2.8 per cent), and Dakhiliya (2 per cent). The other five regions in the Sultanate have lower rates: Dhahira (1.7 per cent), Musandam (1.6 per cent), South Batinah (1.5 per cent), South Sharqiya (1.2 per cent), and North Sharqiya (1.1 per cent). The prevalence of beta-thalassaemia trait in Dhofar was 0.2 per cent and no cases were detected in the Al-Wousta region. The prevalence of G6PD deficiency reached 29 per cent in Dakhiliya, 26 per cent in South Batinah, 21 per cent in Dhahira, 19 per cent in Muscat and 17 per cent in North Sharqiya and North Batinah. The prevalence declined to 10 per cent in Musandam, 9 per cent in South Sharqiya, Dhofar had the lowest prevalence of 2 per cent and no cases of G6PD deficiency were found in Al-Wousta. The male to female ratio was 2.5:1. In all regions of the Sultanate, prevalence of G6PD deficiency in males were more than twice those in females. From the above rates, it could be calculated that in the whole Sultanate 44,733 children under 5 years of age have G6PD deficiency, 14,306 have sickle cell trait, 474 have sickle cell disease, 5393 have beta-thalassaemia trait, and 175 have beta-thalassaemia major. The study showed that the mean Hb level of children under 5 years of age was 10.9 g/dl for both males and females; the mean Hb level for males was 10.89 g/dl and for females 10.99 g/dl, the difference between males and females was significant. The study revealed that half of the children under 5 years of age were anaemic. Mild anaemia was predominant (46 per cent), while moderate and severe anaemia were 4 and 0.2 per cent respectively. The status of anaemia among children improved with age; mild anaemia was prevalent in 65 per cent of children between ages 0 to < or = 1 years then decreased with age until it reached 30 per cent at 4-5 years of age. The survey produced the first normal haematological indices for children under 5 years of age to be used as a reference in the country. The blood picture of the normal subjects in the survey showed that the mean Hb value for males was 11.9 g/dl and for females 11.8 g/dl. The children had reduced values of MCH and MCV compared to normal international values, the reason for this could be alpha-thalassaemia or iron deficiency. The children maintained high values of HbF (more than 1.2 per cent) even after their first birthday. HbF reached its normal level at 5 years of age. Marriage of first cousins among the parents of the children studied under 5 years of age was 34 per cent. Total consanguinity rate including second cousin relationships and beyond was 58 per cent. We recommend that a national prevention programme for genetic blood disorders be formulated by the authorities. The programme could be included in the Ministry of Health 5-year health development programme for prevention of non-communicable diseases which already exists.
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PMID:Genetic Blood Disorders Survey in the Sultanate of Oman. 1293 93

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