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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

As a rule bacterial infection is followed by acute serum iron reduction; impaired inflow of iron from storage sites into the transport pool represents the main cause. As a consequence of this sort of iron redistribution iron becomes short for red cell production; this is one cause for the development of anemia. The biological significance of hyposideremia may be presumed from the bacteriostatic potential of iron free transferrin, preventing adequate iron acquisition by multiplying microorganisms. Preliminary animal experiments support this concept and suggest that it might also be applied to true iron deficiency.
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PMID:[Iron deficiency in infection]. 36 3

Nramp genes code for a widely distributed class of proteins involved in a variety of processes, ranging from the control of susceptibility to bacterial infection in mammalian cells and taste behaviour in Drosophila to manganese uptake in yeast. Some of the NRAMP proteins in mammals and in yeast are capable of transporting metal ions, including iron. In plants, iron transport was shown to require a reduction/Fe(II) transport system. In Arabidopsis thaliana this process involves the IRT1 and Fro2 genes. Here we report the sequence of five NRAMP proteins from A. thaliana. Sequence comparison suggests that there are two classes of NRAMP proteins in plants: A. thaliana (At) NRAMP1 and Oriza sativa (Os) NRAMP1 and 3 (two rice isologues) represent one class, and AtNRAMP2-5 and OsNRAMP2 the other. AtNramp1 and OsNramp1 are able to complement the fet3fet4 yeast mutant defective both in low- and high-affinity iron transports, whereas AtNramp2 and OsNramp2 fail to do so. In addition, AtNramp1 transcript, but not AtNramp2 transcript, accumulates in response to iron deficiency in roots but not in leaves. Finally, overexpression of AtNramp1 in transgenic A. thaliana plants leads to an increase in plant resistance to toxic iron concentration. Taken together, these results demonstrate that AtNramp1 participates in the control of iron homoeostasis in plants.
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PMID:Involvement of NRAMP1 from Arabidopsis thaliana in iron transport. 1076 79

Oral iron is typically insufficient for the iron deficiency of hemodialysis patients. Intravenous (IV) iron is well tolerated by most patients and non-dextran-containing iron preparations are associated with few allergic reactions. However, there is the potential for an increased risk of infection with IV iron that appears to increase bacterial growth as well as inhibit the host's innate immune response to bacterial infection. Clinical studies suggest a link between iron therapy and infection. Practicing nephrologists should be aware of this issue, but should not hesitate to use IV iron in iron-deficient patients while avoiding the development of iron overload and administration of iron to patients who have active infection.
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PMID:Intravenous iron and the risk of infection in end-stage renal disease patients. 1471 13

Intravenous iron supplementation is generally required to optimize the action of agents stimulating erythropoiesis. All parenterally administrated iron preparations raise risk of acute or chronic side effects related to allergic reactions, cell toxicity, or endothelial dysfunction. Each product proposed has specific structural and biochemical characteristics explaining its specific pharmacological and biochemical properties. None of the available products contains free iron but all contain a small fraction of biologically active labile iron. The anaphylactoid reactions initially described after administration of high-molecular-weight iron dextran are rare with iron sucrose. In clinical practice, the problem is generally iron deficiency, iron overload generally not being a serious problem. The contribution of biologically active iron to increased oxidative stress in the dialysis patient is an important issue for debate. The cardiovascular risk of iron was pointed out by evidence from experimental studies but the epidemiological data have been contradictory, both in dialysis patients and in the general population, and are insufficient to confirm an increased cardiovascular risk in dialysis patients when the serum ferritin level is maintained within the recommended range. The risk of infection is related to the effect of iron on bacterial virulence and on the organism's defense mechanism against bacterial infection. An analysis of the clinical evidence obtained in dialysis patients suggests that the role iron i.v. might play in increased bacterial risk would require, if it truly exists, doses so high the real effect would be marginal compared with identified major risk factors.
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PMID:[Safety of parenteral iron therapy]. 1737 83

An evolutionary perspective suggests that iron deficiency may have opposing effects on infectious disease risk, decreasing susceptibility by restricting iron availability to pathogens, and increasing susceptibility by compromising cellular immunocompetence. In some environments, the trade-off between these effects may result in optimal iron intake that is inadequate to fully meet body iron needs. Thus, it has been suggested that moderate iron deficiency may protect against acute infection, and may represent a nutritional adaptation to endemic infectious disease stress. To test this assertion, we examined the association between infection, reflected by C-reactive protein, a biomarker of inflammation, and iron status, reflected by transferrin receptor (TfR) and zinc protoporphyrin to heme ratio (ZPP:H), among school-age Kenyan children, and evaluated the hypothesis that moderate iron deficiency is associated with lower odds of infectious disease. TfR > 5.0 mg/l, with sensitivity and specificity for iron deficiency (ZPP:H > 80 micromol/mol) of 0.807 and 0.815, was selected as the TfR definition of iron deficiency. Controlling for age and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), the odds ratio (OR) for acute viral or bacterial infection associated with iron deficiency (compared to normal/replete) was 0.50 (P = 0.11). Controlling for age and TSF, the OR for infection associated with an unequivocally iron replete state (compared to all others) was 2.9 (P = 0.01). We conclude that iron deficiency may protect against acute infection in children.
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PMID:Evaluation of iron deficiency as a nutritional adaptation to infectious disease: an evolutionary medicine perspective. 1894 69

Iron is essential for growth and survival, but it is also toxic when in excess. Thus, there is a tight regulation of iron that is accomplished by the interaction of several genes including the iron transporter transferrin and iron storage protein ferritin. These genes are also known to be involved in response to infection. The aim of this study was to understand the role of transferrin and ferritin in infection and iron metabolism in fish. Thus, sea bass transferrin and ferritin H cDNAs were isolated from liver, cloned and characterized. Transferrin constitutive expression was found to be highest in the liver, but also with significant expression in the brain, particularly in the highly vascularized region connecting the inferior lobe of the hypothalamus and the saccus vasculosus. Ferritin, on the other hand, was expressed in all tested organs, but also significantly higher in the liver. Fish were subjected to either experimental bacterial infection or iron modulation and transferrin and ferritin mRNA expression levels were analyzed, along with several iron regulatory parameters. Transferrin expression was found to decrease in the liver and increase in the brain in response to infection and to increase in the liver in iron deficiency. Ferritin expression was found to inversely reflect transferrin in the liver, increasing in infection and iron overload and decreasing in iron deficiency, whereas in the brain, ferritin expression was also increased in infection. These findings demonstrate the evolutionary conservation of transferrin and ferritin dual functions in vertebrates, being involved in both the immune response and iron metabolism.
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PMID:Transferrin and ferritin response to bacterial infection: the role of the liver and brain in fish. 1942 86

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has recently become established as an important contributor to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Accordingly, it is now viewed as an attractive candidate as a biomarker for various disease states, and in particular has recently become regarded as one of the best diagnostic biomarkers available for acute kidney injury. Nevertheless, the precise physiological effects of NGAL on the heart and the significance of their alterations during the development of heart failure are only now beginning to be characterized. Furthermore, the mechanisms via which NGAL mediates its effects are unclear because there is no conventional receptor signalling pathway. Instead, previous work suggests that regulation of iron metabolism could represent an important mechanism of NGAL action, with wide-ranging consequences spanning metabolic and cardiovascular diseases to host defence against bacterial infection. In the present review, we summarize rapidly emerging evidence for the role of NGAL in regulating heart failure. In particular, we focus on iron transport as a mechanism of NGAL action and discuss this in the context of the existing strong associations between iron overload and iron deficiency with cardiomyopathy.
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PMID:Iron metabolism and regulation by neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in cardiomyopathy. 2631 28

Managing hematologic disorders in developing countries poses problems not encountered in Western societies. The clinical features of hematologic conditions may be modified by malnutrition, chronic bacterial infection, or parasitic illness. Iron deficiency is the major factor in anemia worldwide. Anemia is more common in the wet season when malaria transmission peaks. After anemia, eosinophilia is the next most common hematologic abnormality in children in the tropics. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus can cause hematologic abnormalities. The pattern of distribution of primary disorders of the blood varies among populations and some disorders are unique to certain parts of the world.
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PMID:Introduction: The Complexity and Challenge of Preventing, Treating, and Managing Blood Diseases in the Developing Countries. 2704 Sep 54

Iron is an essential metal for all organisms, yet disruption of its homeostasis, particularly in labile forms that can contribute to oxidative stress, is connected to diseases ranging from infection to cancer to neurodegeneration. Iron deficiency is also among the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide. To advance studies of iron in healthy and disease states, we now report the synthesis and characterization of iron-caged luciferin-1 (ICL-1), a bioluminescent probe that enables longitudinal monitoring of labile iron pools (LIPs) in living animals. ICL-1 utilizes a bioinspired endoperoxide trigger to release d-aminoluciferin for selective reactivity-based detection of Fe2+ with metal and oxidation state specificity. The probe can detect physiological changes in labile Fe2+ levels in live cells and mice experiencing iron deficiency or overload. Application of ICL-1 in a model of systemic bacterial infection reveals increased iron accumulation in infected tissues that accompany transcriptional changes consistent with elevations in both iron acquisition and retention. The ability to assess iron status in living animals provides a powerful technology for studying the contributions of iron metabolism to physiology and pathology.
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PMID:In vivo bioluminescence imaging of labile iron accumulation in a murine model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection. 2913 21