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Query: UMLS:C0240066 (iron deficiency)
 7,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Between July 1973 and July 1974 all adult patients with hypochromic anemia and a mean corpuscular volume of 75 mum3 or less were screened for hemoglobinopathies. Of the 490 patients 105 had beta-thalassemia trait, 11 had alpha1-thalassemia trait, 4 had hemoglobin Lepore trait and 1 had hemoglobin H disease. Of 48 inpatients whose charts were reviewed 19 had been on oral iron therapy and 7 of them had been given iron intramuscularly. Of 27 outpatients interviewed 10 had been on intermittent iron therapy for 18 months or more; 4 had been given at least 1 g of intramuscular iron. Iron deficiency was not documented in any of these patients. Iron deficiency should be diagnosed by means other than the presence of a hypochromic picture in the peripheral blood before iron therapy is instituted, particularly in communities with a large population of Mediterranean or South-East Asian origin.
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PMID:Hemoglobinopathies in the Hamilton region. II. Thalassemia traits and iron therapy. 112 40

Forty eight patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension have been examined, most of them had hypochromic anemia. Serum iron and ferritin levels, total and latent iron binding capacity have been radioimmunoassayed. All the patients developed hyposiderosis, the study of liver and spleen bioptates showed tissue iron deficiency. It has been established that measurement of ferritin, total and latent iron binding capacity were not informative. It is iron concentration that should be determined. Intravenous administration of high doses of the drug Ferrum-lek seems most effective. It recovers red blood count, iron metabolism and iron tissue stores and reduces the incidence of pyogenic and cardiovascular complications.
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PMID:[Perioperative correction of hypochromic anemia and iron metabolic disorders in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension]. 152 42

Iron deficiency is the most frequent cause of anemia. The correct diagnosis is based on history, peripheral blood findings and investigations of the iron status. Anemia occurs only when iron stores are empty. Iron deficiency anemia is a microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Red blood cells show poikilo- and anisocytosis with predominance of small erythrocytes. In one third of the patients the anemia is accompanied by slight leukopenia. The platelet counts may be normal, increased or decreased. Iron deficiency is documented by decreased serum iron, increased transferrin and decreased iron saturation. Ferritin below 15 ng/ml confirms the depletion of iron. Once the diagnosis of iron deficiency is established, its cause must be investigated. Pregnancy and bleeding are the most frequent conditions leading to iron deficiency. Therapy of iron deficiency involves treatment of the underlying condition as well as reestablishment of iron stores. Oral therapy is the most safe and economical method of correcting iron deficiency. Parenteral therapy should be confined to exceptional situations.
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PMID:[Iron-deficiency anemia: diagnosis and therapy]. 156 14

In the vast majority of cases, the cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia is clearly suggested by the patient history, physical examination results, red cell indexes, and peripheral blood smear. Thus, further diagnostic testing, if necessary, can be very selective. When the underlying cause of anemia is obscure, the serum ferritin concentration should be measured first. If it is normal or increased, serum iron and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels can be determined. The serum iron level is low in anemias caused by iron deficiency and chronic disease but normal or elevated in those resulting from the thalassemias, hemoglobin E disorders, and lead toxicity. The free erythrocyte protoporphyrin level is elevated with iron deficiency, the anemia of chronic disease, and lead toxicity but normal with thalassemias and hemoglobin E disorders. Results of these two test indicate which of the more specific tests is most likely to yield the correct diagnosis.
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PMID:Determining the cause of anemia. General approach, with emphasis on microcytic hypochromic anemias. 202 Jun 45

There are differences between young and adult organisms regarding toxokinetic aspects and clinical manifestations of heavy metal intoxications. Chronically, toxic Cd intake causes a microcytotic hypochromic anemia in young rats at lower exposure levels and after shorter exposure periods than in adult animals. Cd absorption is increased by co-administration of milk and in conjunction with iron deficiency. After long exposure periods toxic Cd concentrations accumulate in the kidney cortex; this process starts very early in life. In 3-year-old children Cd concentrations in the kidney can reach up to one-third of those found in adults. Hg++ and methyl-Hg can cause Hg encephalopathia, and frequently cause mental retardation in adults. Correspondingly, Hg++ accumulation in the brains of suckling rats is approx. 10 times higher than in grown animals. Milk increases the bioavailability of Hg++. In suckling rats Hg is bound to a greater extent to ligands in the erythrocytes. Methyl-Hg concentrations in breast milk reach 5% of those in maternal plasma and that is a severe hazard for breastfed children of exposed mothers. Toxic Pb concentrations can lead to Pb encephalopathia. A high percentage of surviving children have seizures and show signs of mental retardation. Anemia and reduced intelligence scores were recently observed in children after exposure to very low levels of Pb. Pb absorption is increased in children and after co-administration of milk. There are no definite proofs for carcinogenesis or mutagenesis after oral exposure to Cd, Hg, and Pb in man. Heavy metal concentrations were found in the same order of magnitude in commercial infant formulas and in breast milk. When infant formulas are reconstituted with contaminated tap water, however, Pb and Cd concentrations can be much higher. The average heavy metal uptake from such diets exceeds the provisional tolerable weekly intake levels set by the WHO for adults, calculated on the basis of an average food intake and a downscaled body weight. These considerations do not even provide for differences in absorption and distribution or for the increased sensitivity of children to heavy metal exposure. However, dilution effects for essential heavy metals were observed in fast-growing young children; this effect might be extrapolated to toxic metals. These theoretical considerations are compared with epidemiological evidence. A health statistic from Baltimore shows a decline of Pb intoxications in infants. This observation correlates with a simultaneous decline in exposure to Pb which was due, for example, to decreased use of lead dyes in house paints and the abolition of tin cans for infant food.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The toxicological estimation of the heavy metal content (Cd, Hg, Pb) in food for infants and small children]. 218

Most anemias can be classified using the reticulocyte count, PCV, MCV, and MCHC. Regenerative anemias are characterized by reticulocytosis. Polychromasia and increased MCV usually are present. Hemolytic mechanisms and hemorrhage should be considered in a systemic evaluation of the blood and the patient. In animals with chronic external blood loss, a microcytic, hypochromic anemia develops secondary to iron deficiency. Nonregenerative anemias generally are characterized by normocytic, normochromic erythrocytes and the lack of reticulocytosis. Patients with nonregenerative anemia should be evaluated for chronic inflammation or neoplasia, renal disease, endocrine insufficiency, or hypoplasia of the bone marrow.
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PMID:Erythrocytes. 267 33

Hypochromic anaemia is very common among the island populations of Vanuatu in the South-West Pacific. Results of a large-scale survey show that, unexpectedly, this form of anaemia is seldom due to iron deficiency or coexistent parasitic disease. Rather, it results from a previously unsuspected high incidence of alpha-thalassaemia which has been identified only by application of DNA analysis to the populations studied. These findings suggest that hypochromic anaemia in tropical or subtropical populations should not necessarily be attributed to iron deficiency; detailed studies of iron status should be carried out before major dietary changes or fortification of food with iron are implemented.
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PMID:Relative roles of genetic factors, dietary deficiency, and infection in anaemia in Vanuatu, South-West Pacific. 286 13

The early identification of some clinically significant hemoglobinopathies and the precise differentiation of hemoglobin variants are important to provide early comprehensive medical care to prevent some serious complications, assess prognosis, and offer genetic counseling. Laboratory approaches to screen for and confirm inherited hemoglobinopathies in children are presented. Methods include routine screening procedures as well as techniques available in research laboratories, with emphasis on readily available procedures. Since microcytic hypochromic anemia is the most common type of anemia in children under two years, attention is given to the differentiation of thalassemia trait from iron deficiency. The step-by-step work-up is also described for differentiating beta-thalassemia from alpha-thalassemia.
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PMID:Laboratory identification of inherited hemoglobinopathies in children. 616 96

Enlarged spleen, fever, increased susceptibility to infections, and thrombocytosis, are manifestations of iron deficiency which are relatively specific of pediatric patients. Iron deficiency anemia is part of everyday pediatrics. Patients are referred to the hematologist in the following situations: 1) Therapy is ineffective for one of the following reasons: the hypochromic anemia is not caused by iron deficiency (hemoglobinopathies); iron is less efficiently used because of transferrin deficiency or infectious, inflammatory or cancerous disease; iron therapy is inadequate either because of insufficient dosage or of suboptimal duration. 2) A relapse occurs in spite of adequate therapy. Before investigating the digestive tract, abnormal hemostasis. Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome and pulmonary hemosiderosis should be considered. 3) Iron deficiency anemia is less common in adolescents. This condition, known as chlorosis, results mainly from increased needs, unbalanced diet, and onset of menses. In some cases no explanation is found but iron therapy leads to recovery. 4) Difficult problems arise in patients with complex anemias: iron deficiency with folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency; hyposideremia complicating one of the hemoglobinopathies.
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PMID:[Iron-deficiency anemia. Hematologist's viewpoint]. 629 49

Effect of the different intensities of iron-deficient anemia in pregnant rats on the maternal tissue iron and the fetal development was investigated. The different intensities of iron deficiency were produced by changing period of feeding on the iron depleted diet (0.38 mg/100 g diet) prior to gestation. The anemic rats were divided into three groups with the hemoglobin levels of 12, 10 and 8 g/100 ml on the first day of gestation. Then, rats of each group were fed on the iron adequate and on the depleted diets during gestation. The whole body weights of the three deficient animals were lower than those of the corresponding controls on day-21 of gestation. Food intakes of the three deficient groups tended to be lower than those of corresponding controls. The values of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht) and red blood cells (RBC) decreased with the progress of pregnancy, and the hypochromic anemia was observed in all deficient animals. Iron contents of various tissues and the ratio of ferritin iron to total iron in liver and spleen of each deficient group were also apparently lower than those of corresponding controls. The numbers of placenta of the deficient groups were similar to those of corresponding controls. The litter size of severe anemic-animals was less than those of light and moderate anemic-animals, and the average body weight of fetus in severe anemic-animals was much lower than those of other groups. These results suggested that a higher severity of anemia in the mother at the beginning of pregnancy may result in a more frequent resorption of the fetus but the anemic status did not affect the ability of gestation itself.
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PMID:Effect of different intensities of iron-deficient anemia in pregnant rats on maternal tissue iron and fetal development. 661 96


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