Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0235394 (wasting)
 8,040 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hypothalamic pituitary functions were studied in 25 patients before and 6 months after cranial irradiation with or without radiosensitizing chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The estimated average total dose was 5,000 cGy to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The radiosensitizing chemotherapy used was endoxan, 4900 +/- 873 mg and/or methotrexate 113 +/- 30 mg. All patients had normal pituitary function before radiotherapy. Six months after radiotherapy, there was a significant increase in baseline serum thyrotropin (TSH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. The TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was significantly increased, suggesting primary hypothyroidism due to neck irradiation. The peak serum TSH response to TRH became delayed in 21 patients, suggesting a defect in TRH release. In male patients who did not receive radiosensitizing chemotherapy, the FSH response to luteotropic hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) increased while the luteinizing hormone (LH) response decreased. But in male patients who also received radiosensitizing chemotherapy, both the FSH and LH responses to LHRH increased. The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) response to ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) did not change, while the integrated cortisol response increased. The growth hormone (GH) response to growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) did not change. The GH response to insulin tolerance test (ITT) increased and may be explained by the more severe hypoglycemia induced by the same dosage of insulin after radiotherapy or the recovery from the previous wasting caused by radiotherapy. There was no significant increase in serum prolactin. In conclusion, we demonstrated impairment of the hypothalamus-pituitary-endocrine gland axes as early as 6 months after cranial irradiation with or without chemotherapy.
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PMID:Early effects of cranial irradiation on hypothalamic pituitary function. 197 95

Circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were investigated in prepubertal girls (aged 6 to 10 years) showing evidence of varying degrees of either stunting and wasting or both, due to protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). Both serum LH and FSH levels in all the subjects with either grade 1 or 2 type of stunting and no wasting, or grade 1 type of wasting and no stunting, showed no noticeable variations from the corresponding hormonal levels of the normals. However, a low serum FSH level was observed in one subject with grade 3 type of stunting. Amongst the subjects with both stunting and wasting, those with a combination of grade 1 type of stunting and wasting, serum hormonal levels were comparable to the normals. On the other hand, those with more severe degrees of wasting and stunting had low levels of serum LH and FSH, particularly of FSH. It is suggested that the low levels of these gonadotrophins may be responsible for the delay in the onset of menarche commonly encountered in cases of PEM.
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PMID:Effect of nutritional status on the circulatory gonadotrophin levels in girls before puberty. 641 93

Decreases in energy, sense of well-being, libido, muscle strength, and muscle mass occur often in patients who have chronic diseases, such as HIV infection. When these symptoms were first recognized in HIV-positive patients, they were thought to be manifestations of HIV infection but may possibly be associated with hypogonadism. Most HIV-infected patients who have hypogonadism have secondary or central hypogonadism, not primary testicular failure. In HIV-infected hypogonadal men, administration of testosterone appears to increase fat-free mass, muscle mass, and quality of life (increased libido, erectile function, and sense of well-being). Similarly, anabolic steroid hormones appear to increase lean body weight and decrease fat content. Although androgens have been used for the treatment of HIV-related wasting and for hypogonadism, many questions remain unanswered, including those regarding the long-term effects, if any, of suppression of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, as well as the long-term possibilities of malignancy of the prostate and of hepatocellular cancer. Appropriate doses of the various preparations of testosterone and anabolic steroids have not been determined.
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PMID:Use of androgens in patients who have HIV/AIDS: what we know about the effect of androgens on wasting and lipodystrophy. 1700 52

Androgens are required for the maintenance of normal sexual activity in adulthood and for enhancing muscle growth and lean body mass in adolescents and adults. Androgen receptor (AR) ligands with tissue selectivity (selective androgen receptor modulators, or SARMs) have potential for treating muscle wasting, hypogonadism of aging, osteoporosis, female sexual dysfunction, and other indications. JNJ-37654032 is a nonsteroidal AR ligand with mixed agonist and antagonist activity in androgen-responsive cell-based assays. It is an orally active SARM with muscle selectivity in orchidectomized rat models. It stimulated growth of the levator ani muscle with ED(50) 0.8 mg/kg, stimulating maximal growth at a dose of 3mg/kg. In contrast, it stimulated ventral prostate growth to 21% of its full size at 3mg/kg. At the same time, JNJ-37654032 reduced prostate weight in intact rats by 47% at 3mg/kg, while having no inhibitory effect on muscle. Using magnetic resonance imaging to monitor body composition, JNJ-37654032 restored about 20% of the lean body mass lost following orchidectomy in aged rats. JNJ-37654032 reduced follicle-stimulating hormone levels in orchidectomized rats and reduced testis size in intact rats. JNJ-37654032 is a potent prostate-sparing SARM with the potential for clinical benefit in muscle-wasting diseases.
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PMID:A selective androgen receptor modulator with minimal prostate hypertrophic activity restores lean body mass in aged orchidectomized male rats. 1850 17

In recent years, the life expectancy for those living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with access to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has increased. As men live longer, the role testosterone plays in sexual function as well as in general well-being is becoming increasingly important. Here we discuss the available literature concerning androgens and HIV disease. A review was undertaken by using a PubMed search with the umbrella terms HIV or AIDS and testosterone or androgens spanning 1985 to 2011. Significant articles found in references in the primary search were also included. The reported prevalence of androgen deficiency appears to be greater in HIV-infected males than in the general population. Androgen deficiency is usually associated with low luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone and is sensitive to the type of measurement of testosterone used. Rates of hypogonadism may be falling since the advent of cART. Causes of low testosterone levels have been attributed to chronic illness, HIV replication, cART, opportunistic infections, comorbidities and coinfections, wasting, and normal age-related declines. Studies of testosterone treatment in HIV-positive men are lacking in standardization and outcome measures.
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PMID:Hypogonadism in human immunodeficiency virus-positive men. 2446 91

Realizing the reported misuse of human growth hormone (GH), investigation of a safe alternative mechanism for increasing endogenous GH is needed. Several GH secretagogues are available, including GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) GHRP-2 and GHRP-6, and the GH-releasing hormone analog, sermorelin (SERM). Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) serves as a surrogate marker for GH. Here, the effect of GHRP/SERM therapy on IGF-1 levels is evaluated. A retrospective review of medical records was performed for 105 men on testosterone (T) therapy seeking increases in lean body mass and fat loss who were prescribed 100 mcg of GHRP-6, GHRP-2, and SERM three times daily. Compliance with therapy was assessed, and 14 men met strict inclusion criteria. Serum hormone levels of IGF-1, T, free T (FT), estradiol (E), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were evaluated. Mean (SD) age of the cohort was 33.2 (2.9) years, and baseline IGF-1 level was 159.5 (26.7) ng/mL. Mean (SD) duration of continuous GHRP/SERM treatment was 134 (88) days. Mean posttreatment IGF-1 level was 239.0 (54.6) ng/mL ( p < .0001). Three of the 14 men were on an aromatase inhibitor and/or tamoxifen prior to treatment and another 4 men were coadministered an aromatase inhibitor and/or tamoxifen during treatment. Inhibition of E production or estrogen receptor blockade resulted in smaller increases in IGF-1 levels. GHRP/SERM therapy increases serum IGF-1 levels with strict compliance to thrice-daily dosing. The results suggest that combination therapy may be beneficial in men with wasting conditions that can improve with increased GH secretion.
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PMID:Growth Hormone Secretagogue Treatment in Hypogonadal Men Raises Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Levels. 2883 Mar 17