Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0235394 (wasting)
 8,040 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The duration of prophylaxis provided by 1 mg kg-1 bodyweight of homidium bromide was compared with that provided by 1 mg kg-1 bodyweight of isometamidium chloride in a 12 month field trial involving 90 Boran cattle exposed to trypanosome challenge on Galana Ranch in Kenya. Weekly trypanosome prevalences of over 30% were observed during 4 of the 12 months. During these periods of heavy challenge, parasites were detected 2-3 weeks after administration of both homidium bromide and isometamidium chloride. Both prophylactic drugs were administered, on a group basis, eight times over the 12 month trial and in addition individual infections were also treated with diminazene aceturate. Isometamidium chloride provided slightly longer periods of prophylaxis than homidium bromide, 28.4 days compared with 25.4 days. There was a highly significant difference in the productivity of the two groups during a period of poor grazing. 27% of the isometamidium chloride herd died from a severe wasting condition with substantial liver damage evident on post mortem. The condition was not observed in the homidium bromide herd. The surviving animals in the isometamidium chloride herd had a mean annual weight gain of 24 kg less than that recorded in the homidium bromide herd.
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PMID:Failure of chemoprophylaxis against bovine trypanosomiasis on Galana Ranch in Kenya. 135 29

Tissue depletion often occurs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), even in those that are weight-stable. Limited data are available, however, about changes in body water compartments in chronic wasting diseases such as COPD. The purpose of this study was to measure body composition in severe COPD patients with special attention to fat-free mass (FFM) depletion and the distribution of body water compartments. Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were measured by deuterium and sodium bromide dilution techniques, respectively, in 38 COPD patients (age: 65 +/- 9 y, forced expiratory volume in 1 s: 38 +/- 14% of predicted) in a stable clinical condition. FFM was calculated by assuming a hydration coefficient of 73%. Underweight patients [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) < or = 21] were characterized by a significantly lower percentage fat mass than normal-weight patients, but no significant difference was found in the ratio of ECW to intracellular water (ICW)(BMI < or = 21: 0.72 +/- 0.12, BMI > 21: 0.71 +/- 0.16; NS). When the study population was divided into depleted patients (FFM/height2 < or = 15 kg/m2) and nondepleted patients (FFM/height2 > 15 kg/m2), there was no significant difference in the percentage fat mass, but the ECW-ICW ratio was significantly higher in the depleted patients (0.78 +/- 0.16) than in the nondepleted patients (0.66 +/- 0.12, P < 0.05); this was most pronounced in women. In conclusion, it was found that COPD patients with extreme FFM wasting are characterized by an increased ECW-ICW ratio despite a relatively spared fat mass.
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PMID:Analysis of body water compartments in relation to tissue depletion in clinically stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 898 18

Bioelectrical impedance (BIA), a prediction method for estimating body water compartments and body cell mass (BCM), is being increasingly used in studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related wasting, but there are few validation studies of the method in this group. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between impedance measurements and body water compartments in patients with advanced HIV disease, and to investigate whether the newer approaches of multifrequency BIA, BIA spectroscopy, logarithmic transformation using a parallel circuit model, and direct calculation from electrical theory offer any advantage over traditional single-frequency BIA. We measured total body water (TBW) by deuterium dilution and extracellular water by bromide dilution in 33 patients with advanced HIV disease. Intracellular water and BCM were calculated from these results. Impedance was measured over a range of frequencies using a multifrequency analyzer. The relationship between impedance index at various frequencies and body water compartments was assessed by correlation and linear regression. We found that impedance index at higher frequencies had a closer relationship to TBW (r = 0.86, standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 2.96 at 1000 kHz) and at lower frequencies a closer relationship to extracellular water (ECW) (r = 0.47, SEE = 3.13 at 0 kHz) than the traditional 50 kHz measurement (r = 0.84, SE = 3.11 for TBW; r = 0.44 SEE = 3.19 for ECW), but the differences were marginal and not statistically significant. None of the other novel approaches tested were significantly better than traditional single frequency measurement. The 50 kHz equation for BCM developed in this study [BCM (kg) = (0.360331 x Ht2/Z50) + (0.151123 x Wt)-2.95] may be useful to investigators using BIA for hIV-wasting studies.
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PMID:Bioelectrical impedance analysis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: comparison of single frequency with multifrequency, spectroscopy, and other novel approaches. 976 May 92

This paper examines the impact of tuberculosis (TB) on the body composition of HIV-positive men with treatment for active TB (HIV/TB+) and HIV-infected men without TB (HIV/TB-) in Brazil. Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were measured by giving oral doses of deuterium oxide and sodium bromide, respectively, and determining the enrichment in plasma after 4 hours. Calculated from these parameters are the intracellular water (ICW), body cell mass (BCM), lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass. Age, height, CD4 count and HIV risk factors were similar among HIV/TB+ (n = 11) and HIV/TB- (n = 12). HIV/TB+ patients had significantly lower mean ICW (13.2 vs. 16.6 kg) and BCM (18.4 vs. 23 kg), a relative expansion of ECW (35 vs. 30 l/kg body weight, nonsignificant reductions in TBW (58 vs. 62.1 kg), LBM (45.5 vs. 47.7 kg) and fat mass (12.5 vs. 14.4 kg) compared with HIV/TB- men. Nutritional status was found to be significantly worse among HIV+ patients. Malnutrition was also severe in HIV/TB+ patients, which contributed to a decreased life span. Hypermetabolism appears to play a role in the wasting process of patients with HIV and TB. To improve physical function, quality of life, and survival among HIV-infected patients with TB, optimization of nutritional status should be at the core of treatment.
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PMID:Impact of tuberculosis on the body composition of HIV-infected men in Brazil. 1007 75

Extracellular fluid and closely related extracellular water (ECW) provide information on nutritional status in health and disease. Although various methods exist for ECW determination, little is known about their comparability in patients with wasting diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). One practical method, the dilution of sodium bromide (NaBr), is used widely in clinical research, although its relationship to other ECW markers has not been well characterized. The present study sought to compare ECW estimates as determined by NaBr and three other methods in 11 male patients with AIDS (mean +/- SD; age, 44+/-12 years; body weight, 64.5+/-8.8 kg; and height, 172+/-4 cm). ECW volumes were determined from NaBr dilution, total body chlorine (TBCl) by delayed gamma-neutron activation analysis, total body water (TBW) by tritium dilution combined with total body potassium (TBK) by whole body 40K counting, and radioactive sulfate dilution (35SO4). All correlations between the NaBr method and other methods were statistically significant (NaBr vs TBCl [r = .91; p < .001]; vs TBW/TBK [r = .76; p < .01]; and vs 35SO4 [r = .89; p < .001]). As expected from previous studies, ECW (L) derived by NaBr provided a group mean (15.1+/-2.2 L) similar to the TBCl method (15.4+/-1.7 L; p = .32), a significantly smaller ECW than by the TBW/TBK method (18.6+/-3.4 L; p = .0004), and a significantly larger ECW than by 35SO4 method (13.3+/-3.0 L; p = .002). Estimating ECW by NaBr dilution was comparable with other research-based ECW methods and, thus, offers a practical alternative for evaluating ECW in patients with AIDS.
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PMID:Extracellular water: sodium bromide dilution estimates compared with other markers in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 1008 94

Progressive spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the most prevalent hereditary lower motor neuron disease, is caused by mutations in the telomeric copy of the survival of motor neuron (SMN1) gene. Unlike other cells, lower motor neurons cannot tolerate low levels of smn protein. However, it is unclear as to the nature of the cell death involved. There is evidence that lower motor neurons undergo apoptosis in SMA, leading to muscle weakness and wasting. This study investigated whether SMN1 regulation in a motor neuron model affected indices of apoptotic cell death. Decreased smn expression in neuroblastoma hybrid (NSC-34) cell lines by small interfering RNA (siRNA) was demonstrated at the mRNA and protein level. Smn-depleted cells showed elevated caspase-3 activity, decreased cell viability and increased percentage of TUNEL positive cells. Conversely, NSC-34 cell smn overexpression by adenoviral gene transfer decreased staurosporine-induced caspase-3 elevation and mitigated induced cell toxicity as assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. However, increased smn expression by itself did not increase cell viability. These data suggest not only that decreased smn levels increase apoptosis in an in vitro model of SMA, but also that increased smn can protect against neural injury.
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PMID:Survival motor neuron protein regulates apoptosis in an in vitro model of spinal muscular atrophy. 1836 39

Cationic poly[9,9'-bis[6''-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl]fluorene-co-alt-phenylene]s with five different counterions (CIs) were synthesized and studied as fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) donors (D) to dye-labeled DNA (FRET acceptor, A). The polymers with different CIs show the same pi-conjugated electronic structure with similar absorption (lambda(abs) = approximately 380 nm) and photoluminescence (lambda(PL) = approximately 420 nm) emission spectra in water. The CIs accompanying the polymer chain are expected to affect the D/A complexation and modify the D-A intermolecular separation by acting as a spacer. Polymers with different CIs function differently as FRET excitation donors to fluorescein (Fl)-labeled single-stranded DNA (ssDNA-Fl). The FRET-induced Fl emission was enhanced significantly by the larger CI-exchanged polymers. The polymers with the CIs of tetrakis(1-imidazolyl)borate (FPQ-IB) and tetraphenylborate (FPQ-PB) showed a 2-4-fold enhancement in the FRET-induced signal compared with the polymer with bromide (FPQ-BR). The delayed FRET signal saturation and low association constants (K(a)) with ssDNA-Fl (3.53 x 10(6) M(-1) for FPQ-BR and 1.80 x 10(6) M(-1) for FPQ-PB) were measured for the polymers with larger CIs. The delayed acceptor saturation strengthens the antenna effect and reduces self-quenching of Fl by increasing the polymer concentration near Fl. The weak polymer/ssDNA-Fl association reduces the amount of energy-wasting charge transfer by increasing D-A intermolecular separation. The combined effects lead to increase the overall FRET-induced signal.
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PMID:Counterion effects on fluorescence energy transfer in conjugated polyelectrolyte-based DNA detection. 1934 50