Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0235290 (bitter taste)
 1,408 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Six normal volunteers, aged 20 to 39 years, underwent 2 adaptation nights and three sessions of 2 consecutive experimental nights and days at 1-week intervals, according to a latin-square design. In the three sessions, subjects received either zopiclone, 3.75 mg or 7.5 mg, or placebo at 2215 h in a double-blind protocol. On nights 1 and 2 of each session, subjects were continuously monitored polygraphically, except for a 45-min provoked wake episode 135 min after sleep onset on night 2. Degree of daytime somnolence was assessed during day 1 by means of a multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and performance evaluation was carried out during night 2 (0000 h) and day 2 (800 h and 1200 h) by means of a battery of four tests. NREM sleep stages 3 and 4 increased significantly after 3.75 mg and 7.5 mg zopiclone (p less than 0.05). No significant differences between placebo and 3.75 mg and 7.5 mg zopiclone were found at any time in the MSLT. Two performance tests (eye-hand coordination test and choice reaction time test) showed a highly significant impairment (p less than 0.01) at 0000 h with 7.5 mg zopiclone; one test (eye-hand coordination test) showed a significant impairment (p less than 0.05) at 0800 h also with 7.5 mg zopiclone and none at 1200 h. From a subjective point of view, depth and quality of sleep were improved, whereas number of awakenings and feeling on awakening were not modified. Side effects (bitter taste, jitteriness, difficulty to concentrate) were reported only with 7.5 mg zopiclone.
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PMID:Dose-response effects of zopiclone on night sleep and on nighttime and daytime functioning. 332 13

Norfloxacin is a quinoline (quinolinecarboxylic acid) that should prove successful in treating infections that currently require hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics. Although a nalidixic acid derivative, it possesses greater antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Compared with other antimicrobial agents, norfloxacin is more potent than the aminoglycosides, first-, second-, and third-generation cephalosporins, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, carbenicillin, piperacillin, nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, cinoxacin, and enoxacin. In the clinical studies to date, the side effects of norfloxacin have been minimal, but include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, depression, and a bitter taste in the mouth. In studies with more than 4000 patients, the incidence of side effects ranged from 3.9 to 4.7 percent, with most appearing by the second day of therapy.
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PMID:Norfloxacin: a quinoline antibiotic. 351 15

Ninety-one insomniacs completed a four-week study of the efficacy and safety of zopiclone (Z), 7.5 mg. Patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups, each of which received placebo (P) during one week of the study. Forty-six subjects received medication in the sequence of ZPZZ, and 45 received it in the sequence of ZZPZ. Twice each week, patients filled out presleep and postsleep questionnaires and reported their morning complaints. Compared with placebo, zopiclone produced statistically significant improvements (P less than 0.05) in sleep induction time, duration of sleep, number of awakenings per night, quality and soundness of sleep, morning state of rest, and daytime sleepiness. Headache, dizziness, nausea, and bitter taste were the predominant complaints. Zopiclone can be considered an efficient and safe hypnotic for chronic insomnia.
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PMID:Zopiclone: a new nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic used in general practice. 352 57

The efficacy and safety of the nasally administered histamine H1 receptor blocking drug azelastine was investigated in a randomized comparative trial with ebastine. Patients were treated for 14 days and efficacy was assessed by the physician using a rating scale measuring 10 nasal and ocular symptoms of seasonal rhinitis (0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe). Tolerability was measured on the basis of reported adverse events. Data from a total of 59 patients were included in the efficacy analysis. Both treatment groups had dramatic reductions in the physician's total symptom score following treatment. Mean scores in the azelastine group decreased from 12.4 pretreatment to 5.6, while the mean ebastine scores decreased from 13.6 to 6.6. There was no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.86). Changes in individual rhinitis symptoms showed no differences between the two groups. The majority of patients in both treatment groups reported an initial relief of symptoms within 1 h of dosing. For seven patients treated with azelastine, the initial effect was already seen after 10 min (ebastine: two patients). Eight adverse events were reported in each treatment group; all were mild except one report of sedation in an ebastine patient, which was of moderate severity. Three patients reported somnolence during treatment with ebastine. A bitter taste was mentioned by four patients in the azelastine group, but neither somnolence nor sedation was reported with azelastine. In conclusion, the results of the study suggest that both azelastine and ebastine are effective treatments of the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Both drugs were well tolerated.
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PMID:Comparison of azelastine nasal spray and oral ebastine in treating seasonal allergic rhinitis. 882 88

The efficacy and safety of the nasally administered histamine H1 receptor blocking drug Azelastine was investigated in an open, multicenter, randomized comparative trial with Ebastine in seasonal allergic rhinitis. 110 patients in two parallel groups were treated for 14 days and efficacy was assessed by the physician using a rating scale measuring 10 nasal and ocular symptoms of seasonal rhinitis (0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe). Tolerability was measured on the basis of reported adverse events. Both treatment groups had dramatic reductions in the physician's total symptom score following treatment (p < 0.0005). There was no significant difference between the two groups. Changes in individual rhinitis symptoms showed no differences between the two groups. During treatment, 19 patients had at least one adverse event, 13 in Azelastine group and 6 in Ebastine group; all were mild. The most frequent adverse events reported were somnolence (4 cases in Ebastine group) and a bitter taste (4 patients in the Azelastine group). In conclusion, the results of the study on 110 patients suggest that both Azelastine and Ebastine are effective treatments of the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Both drugs were well tolerated.
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PMID:[Investigation of the efficacy and tolerability of azelastine nasal spray versus ebastine tablets in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis]. 958 22

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and adverse effects of zopiclone in Thai psychiatric patients. Thirty-two insomniac outpatients with a variety of diagnoses participated in this study. Zopiclone at the dose of 7.5-15 mg was administered 15 minutes before bedtime. The sleep-questionnaire items included: 1) sleep induction; 2) duration of sleep; 3) number of awakenings, 4) sleep quality; 5) dream incidence; and 6) condition in the morning. The mean scores of each item were compared by using pair t-test. One week after treatment, significant improvement was found in all items, except item 5. In comparison between sleep at 1 week and 3 weeks after treatment, further improvement was still found in the first three items. The adverse effects found were bitter taste, drowsiness, and headache. In conclusion, zopiclone is an effective hypnotic with few adverse effects.
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PMID:Zopiclone in the treatment of insomnia: an open clinical trial. 967 70

Azelastine hydrochloride is a nasally administered antihistamine that is effective and safe for the treatment of perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis. In addition to acting as a histamine H1-receptor antagonist, azelastine also inhibits the production or release of many chemical mediators of the allergic response such as leukotrienes, free radicals, and cytokines. After nasal administration, azelastine is systemically absorbed with a bioavailability of about 40%. The side effects of azelastine are drowsiness, headache, and bitter taste. Azelastine has a rapid onset of action with a benefit in about 2 hours and a prolonged duration of activity (12 to 24 hours). Studies have shown azelastine to be more effective than placebo in terms of reduction of the major and total symptom complexes of allergic rhinitis. Comparison studies have demonstrated that azelastine is as effective as ebastine, loratadine, cetirizine hydrochloride, and terfenadine at symptom reduction, with varying results when compared with the corticosteroids budesonide and beclomethasone. Although there are conflicting studies, some have demonstrated that azelastine reduces the nasal congestion of allergic rhinitis. This feature that distinguishes it from oral antihistamines is of great interest because corticosteroids are known to be quite effective for the relief of nasal congestion, whereas the antihistamines are effective for the sneezing, itchy eyes, itchy nose, and watery eyes, but not the congestion. Azelastine nasal spray seems to be an efficacious treatment for allergic rhinitis with a rapid onset and long duration of activity, but without the systemic adverse effects of traditional sedating antihistamines.
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PMID:Efficacy and safety of azelastine nasal spray for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. 1047 14

The effects of sublingual fentanyl citrate (SLFC) were assessed in 11 hospice inpatients with cancer-related breakthrough pain. Patients were asked to rate their pain, using a visual analogue scale, before SLFC, then after 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. Six patients (55%) had reductions in pain scores at 10 min and nine patients (82%) at 15 min. Ratings for SLFC were very good (18%), good (36%), moderate (28%), and bad (18%). Compared to the usual breakthrough medication, SLFC was better (46%), the same (36%), or worse (18%). Advantages of SLFC included ease of use, quick onset of action and no associated drowsiness. No systemic adverse events were noted, but two patients reported dry mouth and two a bitter taste. Two patients found it difficult to retain the medication under the tongue. Seven patients (64%) said they would continue to use SLFC. Sublingual fentanyl citrate appears safe and well tolerated by these patients. Randomized placebo-controlled and dose ranging studies are required to confirm these findings.
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PMID:Sublingual fentanyl citrate for cancer-related breakthrough pain: a pilot study. 1205 49

Zopiclone is a nonbenzodiazapine hypnotic used for the treatment of insomnia. Significant side effects include daytime drowsiness, dizziness, lightheadedness, bitter taste, dry mouth, headache, and upset stomach. A single method for confirmation and quantitation of zopiclone was developed for biological specimens and tissues. Zopiclone is extracted from the biological matrix using solid phase extraction technology. The drug is confirmed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry for toxicological and forensic purposes.
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PMID:Identification and quantitation of zopiclone in biological matrices using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 2007 5