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 2,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Regulating one's emotions is an important psychological skill at all ages. Cognitive reappraisal-changing the meaning of a stimulus to alter its emotional impact-is an effective emotion regulation technique. Prior work shows that adults spontaneously reduce their use of present tense verbs and first-person singular pronouns (e.g., I, me, mine) when engaging in cognitive reappraisal, a linguistic shift that is thought to track increased psychological distance. Here, we investigated whether such linguistic distancing during emotion regulation varied across age. Participants aged 10 to 23 (N = 112) spoke aloud their thoughts and feelings while completing a classic cognitive reappraisal task. Participants' verbal responses were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for linguistic distancing, compliance with reappraisal instructions, and use of 8 different reappraisal strategies identified by prior researchers. Results replicated prior work in a developmental sample: Reappraisal decreased negative affect and increased linguistic distancing, and stronger linguistic distancing during reappraisal was associated with more successful emotion regulation. Contrary to hypotheses, we found no age differences in linguistic distancing or reappraisal success, even after excluding trials on which participants did not comply with reappraisal instructions. However, reappraisal strategy use varied across age. Use of the changing circumstances and separating oneself (i.e., distancing) strategies increased across age whereas changing consequences use decreased across age. Additionally, in adolescence, challenging reality use was elevated and problem-solving use was reduced compared to other ages. Results suggest that linguistic distancing during emotion regulation is stable from age 10 to 23 but use of cognitive reappraisal strategies differs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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PMID:Use of linguistic distancing and cognitive reappraisal strategies during emotion regulation in children, adolescents, and young adults. 3089 7

Difficulty regulating substance use is a core feature of addiction that can manifest as unplanned use. This study sought to identify internal and situational influences on unplanned marijuana use among youth ages 15 to 24 years (N = 85; 48% female; 27% age <18 years). Additionally, we disentangled person-level associations from within-person day-to-day influences. Ecological momentary assessment methods captured affective (positive: energized, excited, sociable, happy, relaxed; negative: bored, tense, sad, stressed) and situational factors in real-world settings during a 1-week monitoring period. Participants reported no plan to use on 51% of days (269/527), and youth ultimately used marijuana on 35% of these unplanned days. At the day level, on days when youth spent more time in the presence of marijuana-related cues than they typically do, they used more grams on planned days and less on unplanned days. Regardless of use plans, youth were more likely to use on days when they spent more time with using friends and if they reported greater availability of marijuana in general across the monitoring period. At the person level, youth who generally reported higher positive affect, relative to other participants, used more on planned days and less on unplanned days. Regardless of use plans, youth who generally reported greater craving and time in the presence of marijuana-related cues used more grams, whereas youth who generally reported greater negative affect used less. Together, findings revealed several factors, with clear clinical relevance, which may explain why some youth struggle to control their marijuana use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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PMID:Why don't they stop? Understanding unplanned marijuana use among adolescents and young adults. 3203 20

Previous research showed that verifying a pictured object mentioned in a preceding sentence takes less time when the pictured object shape is compatible with the described object location or spatial position. In the current work we asked if nonvisual information is integrated into the mental model when the target object shape is implied by virtue of a description of a heavy versus light item being dropped on it. Furthermore, we asked if the canonical target object state continues to play an important role when the context requires the activation of a noncanonical representation. In seven experiments the data provide an affirmative response to both questions. Participants (N = 766) first read sentences that implied target object state-changes as a function of the impact caused by differently weighted items (e.g., "You drop a balloon/a bowling ball on a tomato") and then verified pictures of "squashable" target objects in either a canonical (e.g., intact tomato) or a noncanonical (e.g., squashed tomato) state. A reaction time (RT) advantage was consistently observed when a "noncanonical" target was preceded by a "heavy" (e.g., bowling ball) sentence than a "light" (e.g., balloon) sentence. However, no such advantage was observed when a "canonical" target was preceded by a light sentence than a heavy sentence. This pattern of results remained unchanged regardless of the items used and the verbal tense of the sentence. These data suggest that when changes of state are inferred (i.e., not driven by lexical semantics), both the initial and resultant states are equally accessible. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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PMID:Dropping bowling balls on tomatoes: Representations of object state-changes during sentence processing. 3321 22