Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0233565 (bradykinesia)
 2,352 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

(+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine (PHNO) is a novel selective D2 agonist. The efficacy and safety of PHNO was studied in 10 Parkinsonian patients (Hoehn and Yahr Stage II or III) who continued to receive levodopa/carbidopa. At the lowest dose administered (0.25 mg tid), nine of the 10 patients improved with respect to rigidity, bradykinesia and tremor. At this dose there was one dropout because of severe orthostasis. Although there was a trend towards improvement in motor scores with the higher doses (0.5-1.0 mg tid), this was not statistically significant. At higher doses there were a total of four dropouts because of adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting and orthostatic hypotension. It appears that PHNO may prove to be efficacious in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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PMID:The efficacy of (+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine as adjunctive therapy in Parkinson's disease. 274 65

A 79-year-old woman presenting with orthostatic tremor (OT) was reported. In addition to OT, neurological examination showed mild dementia, bradykinesia, rigidity of the neck and the upper limbs and positive Babinski reflex on the left. These clinical signs and CT as well as MRI findings suggested vascular parkinsonism as its pathological background. Upon standing with her feet together, she rapidly developed rhythmic repetitive contraction of all leg muscles. The shaking disappeared by walking, sitting, or lying down. The EMG recording revealed 4-Hz tremor which consisted of alternating contraction of anti-gravity muscles and their antagonists. The EMG bursts associated with the tremor were synchronous in corresponding muscles of both legs. OT could be bilaterally reset by unilateral voluntary or passive movement of leg. In the supine position, the tremor was not evoked by voluntary contraction of leg muscles against resistance. As the tremor was aggravated by the administration of haloperidol was suppressed by L-DOPA, it was thought to have the pharmacological basis common to the resting tremor of parkinsonism. Furthermore, we postulated that the postural tonus-regulating system, which is thought to set and maintain the tonus of antigravity muscles for standing upright, might be involved in the generation of the rhythmic discharge pattern (reciprocal bursts in a given leg and synchronized bursts in both legs) of OT.
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PMID:[A case of orthostatic tremor in parkinsonism]. 280 17

Tardive dyskinesia (TD); abnormal involuntary movements appearing late in neuroleptic treatment) was described shortly after introduction of chlorpromazine and other antipsychotic agents in the 1950s. Consideration of this disorder as a common, progressive, and relentless problem of major public-health and medicolegal concern in the 1970s now appears to have been somewhat exaggerated. Several symptom patterns associated with neuroleptic treatment may or may not appropriately be lumped with the concept of TD (acute and withdrawal-emergent dyskinesias, dystonias, and akathisia, in particular); parkinsonism (with bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor, including perioral tremor of the "rabbit syndrome") should be differentiated from TD, even though elements of both may occur together. Dyskinesias, more or less similar to TD, can occur in chronically ill neuropsychiatric patients not exposed to neuroleptics. Some may represent stereotyped behaviors of schizophrenia or undiagnosed neurological disorders, but a risk of spontaneous dyskinesias indistinguishable from TD averages about 5% (probably less in young patients). Mean prevalence rates for TD, corrected for spontaneous dyskinesias, average about 15-20% with higher risks at advancing ages. Incidence rates are less certain, but estimates average about 5% a year for at least several years in young patients, with higher rates within the first two years of treatment of elderly patients. Risk factors most clearly defined are advancing age, use of neuroleptic agents at relatively high daily doses for more than six months, and perhaps the diagnosis of a major affective disorder. Female gender and relatively high plasma levels of neuroleptic agents are less significant risk factors and other metabolic or neuroradiological indicators of risk remain unproved. The etiology of TD remains obscure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A summary of current knowledge of tardive dyskinesia. 290 54

Parkinson's disease (PD), occurring in one million people with 50,000 new cases each year, is the most prevalent degenerative neurological disorder. With symptoms occurring insidiously and gradually, PD typically strikes in the sixth decade of life. Parkinsonian signs and symptoms include the classic combination of resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. The impact of the disease varies among individuals. Since the experiences of patients with Parkinson's disease are so varied and complex, nurses must play a pivotal role in their care. The quality of life of individuals with PD has changed dramatically since the advent of levodopa (L-Dopa) and other anti-Parkinson drugs. Recently autotransplantation of the adrenal medulla into the caudate nucleus, an investigational surgical treatment for Parkinson's disease, has been developed. Success with this procedure has been reported in two case studies. Autotransplantation is performed in several institutions in the United States. In this paper, the acute nursing care of individuals who have undergone autotransplantation, as well as short-term effects of the procedure on the lives of two patients and their families will be examined. This article addresses traditional medical treatment, physiology of movement and autotransplantation in addition to two case studies.
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PMID:Care of the patient with Parkinson's disease: surgical and nursing interventions. 296 12

A mutant strain of Wistar rats which carries an autosomal gene defect is characterized by a progressively developing hyperexcitability, tremor, olfactory and gustatory movements, bradykinesia, ataxia and a pathologically increased muscle tone of hindlimbs which can be measured by recording tonic activity in the electromyogram (EMG) of the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle. The activity of the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and the receptor binding of GABA as estimated by [3H]GABA binding to synaptic membranes were examined in olfactory bulbs, frontal cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, tectum, substantia nigra, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and pons of mutant rats. Mutant rats exhibit a lower activity of GAD in synaptosomal fractions of olfactory bulbs and substantia nigra whereas GAD activity within the pons was increased. The changes in the activity of GAD were accompanied by alterations in [3H]GABA binding to synaptic membranes: GABA binding was significantly elevated in the olfactory bulbs and the substantia nigra, but it was markedly reduced in the pons. The functional importance of impaired nigral GABAergic transmission in mutant rats was demonstrated by the fact that intranigral injection of the GABA agonist muscimol reduced the tonic extension of the hindlimbs as indicated by reduced tonic EMG activity of the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle, while intranigral injection of the GABA antagonist bicuculline increased the disturbance.
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PMID:Disturbed GABAergic transmission in mutant Han-Wistar rats: further evidence for basal ganglia dysfunction. 299 53

A 72 years old man developed slowness of the motion and orthostatic hypotension at the age of 69. Neurological examination showed slight finger tremor, rigidity of extremities, bradykinesia, and marked orthostatic hypotension. The illness progressed steadily and the patient died of pneumonia. At autopsy brain weighed 1220 g. Grossly the putamen was bilaterally shrunken, the color of the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus became pale. Base of the pons and the cerebellum were atrophic. Microscopically the most remarkable change was seen in the striato-nigral system. In the putamen, there were severe loss of small neurons and intense gliosis and brownish pigments were observed in the neuropil and within some of the astrocytes. There found neuronal loss and gliosis in the substantia nigra. A few Lewy bodies were seen in the substantia nigra. In the cerebellum there were slight loss of Purkinje cell and many torpedos were seen. There were demyelination and fibrirally gliosis in the cerebellar white matter except the hilus of dentate nucleus. The transverse pontocerebellar fibers were degenerated and fibrirally gliosis was seen there. The inferior olivary nuclei showed neuronal loss and astrocytosis. But the degeneration of the olivo-ponto-cerebellar system in this case was not so severe as the typical case of OPCA. In the spinal cord there was depletion of nerve cells in the intermediolateral nuclei and Onufrowitz nuclei. Slight neuronal loss and many spheroids were observed in the anterior horns and there was demyelination in the corticospinal tracts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[An autopsy case of multiple system atrophy with many Lewy bodies--striatonigral degeneration, olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy and autonomic nerve nucleus involvement in the spinal cord]. 303 91

A 68 year-old woman had been taking flunarizine 10 mg daily for 10 weeks when she developed severe bradykinesia and rigidity, resting tremor of both hands, akathisia, buccolinguofacial dyskinesias and depressed mood. Flunarizine was discontinued. After 3 months the patient was asymptomatic. This case and data from the literature suggest that extrapyramidal symptoms and depression may be observed even at the recommended daily dose of 10 mg. Flunarizine should be avoided in patients with Parkinson's disease. Patients on flunarizine should be watched for depressive and extrapyramidal signs, especially those aged over 60.
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PMID:[Extrapyramidal syndrome during treatment with flunarizine]. 307 Jun 97

A multicenter trial was conducted at 9 Neurology Departments to evaluate the action of L-Deprenyl, a specific monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor, combined with L-Dopa in the treatment of Parkinson disease. In all, 76 patients were treated, 33 women and 43 men, on stable treatment with L-Dopa+ aromatic decarboxylase inhibitors (DI) for at least 6 months. After a 50% reduction of the L-Dopa dose, all received L-Deprenyl 5 mg twice daily for 35 day. The combined treatment resulted in a definite improvement in rigidity, bradykinesia and, most of all, tremor. Further, at the end of treatment fewer patients had depressive symptoms and the total daily number of hours of wellbeing and normal movement increased. 12 patients presented modest side effects, in no case serious enough to warrant suspension of treatment. The trial shows that with the L-Deprenyl + L-Dopa combination the dose of L-Dopa needed to control the disease can be drastically reduced.
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PMID:Multicenter trial of L-Deprenyl in Parkinson disease. 308 93

beta-N-Oxalylamino-L-alanine (BOAA) and beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) are chemically related excitant amino acids isolated from the seed of Lathyrus sativus (BOAA) and Cycas circinalis (BMAA), consumption of which has been linked to lathyrism (an upper motor neuron disorder) and Guam amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), respectively. Both diseases are associated with degeneration of motor neurons. Experimentally, single doses of BOAA or BMAA induce seizures in neonatal mice and postsynaptic neuronal oedema and degeneration in explants of mouse spinal cord and frontal cortex. Preliminary studies show that these behavioural and pathological effects are differentially blocked by glutamate-receptor antagonists. In macaques, several weeks of daily oral doses of BOAA produce clinical and electrophysiological signs of corticospinal dysfunction identical to those seen in comparably well-nourished animals receiving a fortified diet based on seed of Lathyrus sativus. By contrast, comparable oral dosing with BMAA precipitates tremor and weakness, bradykinesia and behavioural changes, with conduction deficits in the principal motor pathway. BOAA and BMAA (or a metabolite thereof) are the first members of the excitotoxin family to have been shown to possess chronic motor-system toxic potential. These observations provide a rational basis for searching for comparable endogenous neurotoxins in sporadic and inherited forms of human motor neuron disease.
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PMID:Discovery and partial characterization of primate motor-system toxins. 310 39

Lisuride, a semisynthetic dopaminergic ergot derivative, was administered in 34 patients with Parkinson's disease (mean age 67.5 years, average duration of illness 7.1 years, mostly stage IV) in an average oral dosage of 1.2 to 1.5 mg (range 0.4 to 3.0 mg) in addition to basic treatment with levodopa and decarboxylase inhibitor. Duration of combined treatment was 3 to 44 months. Daily dose of levodopa could be reduced by 13 to 34%. In the short-term group (3 months) the total disability score improved by 50%, and in the long-term group (up to 44 months) by 46%, with improvement of rigidity, tremor, speech and repeated movements, less of bradykinesia. Similar to treatment with dopamine agonists, after 18 to 24 months, despite increased dosage of levodopa, a slight increase of some clinical features of parkinsonism, particularly bradykinesia and gait disorders, were observed. Daily fluctuation and on-off symptoms often improved in intensity, but were eliminated only in a small number of patients. Discontinuation of lisuride due to adverse effects was necessary in 17.6%. Often, however, preexisting adverse effects of levodopa therapy, particularly psychiatric complications, responded favorably. Lisuride is a new effective agent in the combination treatment of advanced stages of parkinsonism.
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PMID:[Lisuride in the combination treatment of Parkinson disease]. 311 Oct 99


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