Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0232487 (abdominal discomfort)
 1,724 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper describes a series of experiments with domestic fowls designed to investigate different effects of peripherally administered bombesin (BBS) and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8), with a view to gaining a better understanding of their proposed roles as physiological satiety signals. Following intravenous injections of 1-10 micrograms/kg BBS or CCK8, short periods of complete inhibition of feeding coincided with periods of abnormal gizzard motility, and longer periods of reduced feeding were associated with periods of abnormal gastrointestinal (GI) motility. Increases in heart rate, measured in a separate experiment, coincided with the periods of altered GI and feeding activities. Effects of the peptides on GI motility and feeding were strongly related to dose with CCK8, but not with BBS, and effects of (2 micrograms/kg) BBS and CCK8 on feeding were additive. Evidence from conditioned avoidance tests suggested that consequences of (10 micrograms/kg) BBS and CCK8 injections may be mildly aversive, perhaps more so with BBS, and in another experiment inhibition of feeding by (8 micrograms/kg) BBS (but not CCK8) was almost abolished in birds tranquillised with a reserpine derivative drug. CCK8 was more potent than BBS at suppressing feeding only when relatively high doses (8 and 10 micrograms/kg) were injected. It is suggested that peripherally administered BBS and CCK8 may act on feeding in similar ways, with animals being distracted by possible abdominal discomfort associated with the abnormal GI responses. The results indicate that immediate discomfort may be more severe with BBS, but that discomfort associated with CCK8 may last longer. It is further suggested that satiating properties of the peptides are less apparent in situations where animals are less easily distracted by discomfort, when their arousal is reduced, when their perception of discomfort is reduced and when their motivation to feed is increased.
 ...
PMID:An alternative explanation for apparent satiating properties of peripherally administered bombesin and cholecystokinin in domestic fowls. 357 53

This review focuses on food intake regulation in avian species with the emphasis on sites of action outside of the central nervous system using data obtained mainly with studies involving poultry. Avian species do appear to regulate food intake, and there is good evidence that both the gastrointestinal tract and the liver are primary sites for regulation. Although young meat-type chickens may be eating near gut capacity, this does not appear to be the case in older birds. Furthermore, although the crop probably has a role in food intake control when meal feeding, its role during free access feeding is marginal. Food intake can be altered in chickens by infusion of glucose, lipids, epinephrine and possibly amino acids into the liver. The response to such infusions is altered by genotype and feeding state (fed or unfed). In addition, injection of peptides including cholecystokinin, bombesin, and gastrin outside the central nervous system decrease food intake. It is uncertain whether the anorexigenic effect of these peptides is a specific response, or if it is a general response caused by abdominal discomfort. Opioids appear to stimulate food intake with at least part of their effect being from outside of the central nervous system. Therefore, although the central nervous system is involved in food intake control in avian species, there are other sites involved. Furthermore, genetic selection for growth in meat-type chickens has altered the responsiveness of these control mechanisms suggesting that there is genetic variation for these physiological systems.
 ...
PMID:Peripheral regulation of food intake in poultry. 806 83