Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0231835 (tachypnea)
 2,543 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 26 dogs, a single subcutaneous injection of N-nitroso-N-methylurethane produced acute lung injury characterized by tachypnea cyanosis, increased static lung recoil, and decreased lung compliance. During the first few days, light microscopic examination revealed widespread interstitial and perivascular edema and alveolar collapse. At the same time, electron microscopy showed the major alteration to be widespread necrosis of both types of alveolar epithelial cells without significant injury to the vascular endothelium. During recovery, new epithelial cells appeared which probably were derived from granular pneumocytes. These cells developed into mature granular pneumocytes through a phase in which they resembled fetal granular pneumocytes. The late stage was characterized by a picture resembling diffuse interstitial fibrosis but which was due to irreversible closure of clusters of small airspaces with no apparent increase in collagen. Elastic recoil of the lungs, as reflected by peak inspiratory airway pressure, increased during the acute phase and showed a return toward normal that was coincident with the appearance of mature granular pneumocytes in the regenerating epithelium. Lung compliance decreased during the acute phase and in most animals returned toward normal during the recovery phase. These observations strongly suggest that the alteration in lung mechanics is related to epithelial necrosis and that recovery is related to epithelial regeneration.
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PMID:Experimental acute alveolar injury in the dog. Morphologic--mechanical correlations. 125 90

Cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia, occur as a result of a complex set of genetic and environmental factors. During periodontitis, dental plaque microorganisms may disseminate through the blood to infect the vascular endothelium and contribute to the occurrence of atherosclerosis and risk of myocardial ischemia and infarction. Myocardial ischemia and infarction are often preceded by acute thromboembolic events. In an in vitro model of thrombosis, certain dental plaque bacteria induce platelets to aggregate. Aggregation of platelets is induced by the platelet aggregation-associated protein [PAAPJ expressed on plaque bacteria, including Streptococcus sanguis and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Intravenous infusion of S. sanguis into rabbits has been shown previously to cause changes in the electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac contractility. These changes are consistent with the occurrence of myocardial infarction. The ECG changes are now shown to begin within 30 seconds after infusion of PAAP+ S. sanguis, followed by alterations in blood pressure and respiratory rate. These changes occurred intermittently over a 30-minute period and changed within one heartbeat to a normal pattern and suddenly back to abnormal. Intermittent ECG abnormalities were seen in 13 of 15 rabbits, including left axis deviation, ST-segment depression, preventricular contractions, alternans, and bigemnia. Dose-dependent thrombocytopenia, accumulation of 111Indium-labeled platelets in the lungs, and tachypnea also occurred. No changes occurred with the PAAp- strain. The data indicated that PAPP+ S. sanguis interacts with circulating platelets, inducing thromboemboli to cause the pulmonary and cardiac abnormalities. During periodontitis, therefore, PAAP+ S. sanguis and P. gingivalis bacteremia may contribute to the chance of acute thromboembolic events.
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PMID:Dental plaque, platelets, and cardiovascular diseases. 972 99

Acute respiratory distress syndrome manifests as rapidly progressive dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxemia. Diagnostic criteria include acute onset, profound hypoxemia, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, and the absence of left atrial hypertension. Acute respiratory distress syndrome is believed to occur when a pulmonary or extrapulmonary insult causes the release of inflammatory mediators, promoting neutrophil accumulation in the microcirculation of the lung. Neutrophils damage the vascular endothelium and alveolar epithelium, leading to pulmonary edema, hyaline membrane formation, decreased lung compliance, and difficult air exchange. Most cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome are associated with pneumonia or sepsis. It is estimated that 7.1 percent of all patients admitted to an intensive care unit and 16.1 percent of all patients on mechanical ventilation develop acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome. In-hospital mortality related to these conditions is between 34 and 55 percent, and most deaths are due to multiorgan failure. Acute respiratory distress syndrome often has to be differentiated from congestive heart failure, which usually has signs of fluid overload, and from pneumonia. Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome is supportive and includes mechanical ventilation, prophylaxis for stress ulcers and venous thromboembolism, nutritional support, and treatment of the underlying injury. Low tidal volume, high positive end-expiratory pressure, and conservative fluid therapy may improve outcomes. A spontaneous breathing trial is indicated as the patient improves and the underlying illness resolves. Patients who survive acute respiratory distress syndrome are at risk of diminished functional capacity, mental illness, and decreased quality of life; ongoing care by a primary care physician is beneficial for these patients.
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PMID:Acute respiratory distress syndrome: diagnosis and management. 2233 15

A 6-month-old male Nubian goat suddenly showed dullness, tachypnea, recumbency and opisthotonus in August 2011 in Okinawa, Japan. The goat was consequently necropsied: gross lesions in the brain included slightly swollen foci of yellowish discoloration on the cerebral hemisphere. Histopathologically, necrosis of the cortex with ischemic changes of neuronal cells was present, and swelling of the vascular endothelium, thickening of the basement membrane and diffuse infiltration of macrophages were observed in the cerebral lesion. Autofluorescence of the cerebral cortex was confirmed by an ultraviolet light test. The thiamine levels of the blood serum and tissue samples (brain, liver and heart) of the goat were low compared with goats from the same herd. The goat was diagnosed with cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN). This is the first case report of caprine CCN in Japan.
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PMID:Occurrence of cerebrocortical necrosis in a goat in Okinawa prefecture, Japan. 2267 96

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that manifests as rapidly progressive dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxemia. Diagnostic criteria include onset within one week of a known insult or new or worsening respiratory symptoms, profound hypoxemia, bilateral pulmonary opacities on radiography, and inability to explain respiratory failure by cardiac failure or fluid overload. ARDS is thought to occur when a pulmonary or extrapulmonary insult causes the release of inflammatory mediators, promoting inflammatory cell accumulation in the alveoli and microcirculation of the lung. Inflammatory cells damage the vascular endothelium and alveolar epithelium, leading to pulmonary edema, hyaline membrane formation, decreased lung compliance, and decreased gas exchange. Most cases are associated with pneumonia or sepsis. ARDS is responsible for one in 10 admissions to intensive care units and one in four mechanical ventilations. In-hospital mortality for patients with severe ARDS ranges from 46% to 60%. ARDS often must be differentiated from pneumonia and congestive heart failure, which typically has signs of fluid overload. Treatment of ARDS is supportive and includes mechanical ventilation, prophylaxis for stress ulcers and venous thromboembolism, nutritional support, and treatment of the underlying injury. Low tidal volume and high positive end-expiratory pressure improve outcomes. Prone positioning is recommended for some moderate and all severe cases. As patients with ARDS improve and the underlying illness resolves, a spontaneous breathing trial is indicated to assess eligibility for ventilator weaning. Patients who survive ARDS are at risk of diminished functional capacity, mental illness, and decreased quality of life; ongoing care by a primary care physician is beneficial for these patients.
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PMID:Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management. 3253 94