Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Facilities within the Department of Energy community perform emergency management to conform with Federal regulations, internal guidance and good management practice. Emergency management in this context includes hazard analysis, consequence assessment, and development of emergency plans including protective actions for workers, uninvolved workers, and the general public. ERPGs are used as the action level for decision making with regards to accidental chemical releases; AEGLs are also being developed for that purpose. DOE actively participates in the development of ERPGs and AEGLs, however, there is a time gap inherent in the development of community exposure limits (which can be months or years) and the need for community exposure limits (which must be implemented now). In recognition of this problem, the DOE Subcommittee on Consequence Assessment and Protective Actions (SCAPA) has developed a hierarchy of alternate exposure limits (Temporary Emergency Exposure Limits, TEELs) to use as temporary guidance for emergency planning for those chemicals for which an ERPG or an AEGL does not exist. This presentation will discuss DOE's involvement in development of ERPGs and AEGLs, including their application, and will discuss the development and use of TEELs (including advantages and disadvantages).
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PMID:DOE emergency planning & emergency management using emergency response planning guidelines (ERPGS) and temporary emergency exposure levels (TEELs). 1018 68

Environmental releases of tritium oxide at a number of Department of Energy nuclear weapons facilities contribute to a significant portion of environmental dose. Several conversion factors are utilized in the estimation of human impact from these releases, e.g., dispersion coefficients, consumption rates, uptake factors, transport factors, dose conversion factors, and risk coefficients. A probabilistic determination of the tritium dose conversion factor was generated in this work to assess the uncertainty of the internal dosimetry required to estimate dose equivalent given an intake of tritium oxide. The tritium dose conversion factor was found to vary by a factor of about 15 with a median value of 2.2 x 10(-11) Sv Bq(-1) when considering orthovoltage x rays as the standard for estimating the relative biological effectiveness of tritium. The median dose conversion factor increases by about 50%; however, when gamma radiation is considered as the standard. The current deterministic estimate of the tritium dose conversion factor published by the DOE and the EPA is 1.7 x 10(-11) Sv Bq(-1), 25-50% lower than the median probabilistic values. The tritium oxide dose conversion factor model was found to be most sensitive to biological half-life and quality factor and is highly dependent on the standardizing radiation for RBE assessments.
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PMID:Uncertainty of the tritium dose conversion factor. 1045

The AL-R8 SI (sealed insert) is the next generation staging container for plutonium pits at the U.S. DOE Pantex Plant. The sealed insert is a stainless steel container that will be placed inside a modified AL-R8 container to stagepits. A pit is a hollow sphere of plutonium metal which is the primary fissionable material in nuclear weapons (warheads and bombs). It is hermetically sealed by a cladding material, which is usually stainless steel. Personnel exposures to ionizing radiation from the pits in storage are expected to decrease due to the attenuation provided by the new SI. All personnel exposures to ionizing radiation at Pantex Plant are As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA). Pantex Plant secures the common defense and national security of the United States by safely staging plutonium pits in a manner that protects the health and safety of employees, the public, and the environment.
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PMID:The AL-R8 SI: the next generation staging container for plutonium pits at the USDOE Pantex Plant. 1052 58

The U.S. DOE Pantex Plant has been given the mission to recertify and requalify plutonium pits for reuse in existing War Reserve nuclear weapons. The first process common to both recertification and requalification is cleaning the plutonium pit. The pit will be cleaned in a dissolution vessel using N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent. The recertification and requalification programs are both in the design concept phase at Pantex Plant The U.S. DOE Pantex Plant secures the national security of the United States by using safe vessels for cleaning plutonium pits in a manner that protects the health and safety of employees, the public and the environment.
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PMID:The dissolution vessel for plutonium pits at the U.S. DOE Pantex Plant. 1065 1

One key aspect of global change is a decrease in ecological integrity as more and more landscapes are developed, leaving a mosaic of intact refuges and degraded patches that may not be sufficient for conserving biodiversity. While increases in human population and shifts in the distribution of people affect land use, the temporary movement of people can have major implications for conservation and biodiversity. Three examples are presented where recreation/tourism can enhance the conservation of land on a landscape scale, leading to habitat protection and biodiversity preservation: (1) Shorebirds often require a matrix of different habitat types during migratory stopovers, and ecotourism can serve as a catalyst for landscape scale protection of habitat. (2) Riparian habitats can serve as corridors to link diverse habitat patches, as well as serving as biodiversity hotspots. (3) Remediation and rehabilitation of contaminated lands, such as those of the US Department of Energy, aimed at developing recreational activities on the uncontaminated portions, can be the most economical form of re-development with no increase in human or ecological risk. Since large areas on many DOE sites have been undisturbed since the Second World War, when they were acquired, they contain unique or valuable ecosystems that serve an important role within their regional landscapes. In all three cases the judicious development of recreational/tourist interests can encourage both the conservation of habitats and the wise management of habitats on a landscape scale. While some species or habitats are too fragile for sustained tourism, many can be managed so that species, ecosystems and ecotourists flourish. By contributing to the economic base of regions, ecotourists/recreationists can influence the protection of land and biodiversity on a landscape scale, contributing to ecosystem management. The human dimensions of land preservation and biodiversity protection are key to long-term sustainability, and ecotourists/recreationists can be one management option.
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PMID:Landscapes, tourism, and conservation 1081 45

An integrated soil remediation technology called Lasagna has been developed that combines electrokinetics with treatment zones for use in low permeability soils where the rates of hydraulic and electrokinetic transport are too low to be useful for remediation of contaminants. The technology was developed by two groups, one involving industrial partners and the DOE and another involving US EPA and the University of Cincinnati, who pursued different electrode geometries. The Industry/DOE group has demonstrated the technology using electrodes and treatment zones installed vertically from the soil surface. We have demonstrated the feasibility of installing horizontal electrodes and treatment zones in subsurface soils by hydraulic fracturing, a process that we adapted from petroleum industry practices. When horizontal electrodes were connected to a dc power supply, uniform electrical potential gradients of 10-40 V/m were created in soil between the electrodes, inducing electroosmotic flow that facilitated movement of water and contaminants into treatment zones between the electrodes.
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PMID:Feasibility of electrokinetic soil remediation in horizontal Lasagna cells. 1094 26

Department of Energy requirements contained within 10CFR835 require that continuous air monitors be periodically checked for operability. The DOE air monitoring implementation guide for 10CFR835 allows the use of radon progeny to perform the recommended weekly source check. The Defense Waste Processing Facility located at the Savannah River Site has demonstrated that, through the use of the Hypotheses Concerning Two Means, diurnal change in the radon progeny detected by the monitors meets the requirements for weekly source checks. The use of the diurnal change in radon progeny has replaced the person-hours expended performing direct weekly source checking with an automated system requiring minimal person-hour expenditure.
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PMID:An algorithm for source checking continuous air monitors using radon progeny. 1094 57

The Hanford Nuclear Reservation is one of the U.S. Department of Energy's largest nuclear weapons sites. The enormous changes experienced by Hanford over the last several years, as its mission has shifted from weapons production to cleanup, has profoundly affected its occupational health and safety services. Innovative programs and new initiatives hold promise for a safer workplace for the thousands of workers at Hanford and other DOE sites. However, occupational health and safety professionals continue to face multiple organizational, economic, and cultural challenges. A major problem identified during this review was the lack of coordination of onsite services. Because each health and safety program operates independently (albeit with the guidance of the Richland field operations office), many services are duplicative and the health and safety system is fragmented. The fragmentation is compounded by the lack of centralized data repositories for demographic and exposure data. Innovative measures such as a questionnaire-driven Employee Job Task Analysis linked to medical examinations has allowed the site to move from the inefficient and potentially dangerous administrative medical monitoring assignment to defensible risk-based assignments and could serve as a framework for improving centralized data management and service delivery.
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PMID:Barriers and solutions in implementing occupational health and safety services at a large nuclear weapons facility. 1118 38

The separation of radioactive and non-radioactive species from the simulated DOE neutralized current acid waste (NCAW) stream was studied. Cation and anion species were referred to their possible basic compounds, and divided into seven groups (nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, fluoride, nitrite, carbonate, and hydroxide). The nitrate group (the major anion in the DOE waste streams) contains several cations species, while the rest of the groups are only in the form of sodium. The precipitation measurements were conducted in three experimental stages. In the first stage, the precipitation of sodium sulfate, sodium phosphate, sodium-sulfate-phosphate, and aluminum nitrate systems were studied using isopropylamine (IPA) as a precipitation solvent. The objectives of this stage were to evaluate the precipitation ability of IPA in precipitating these compounds individually, and to validate the consistency of the analytical instruments and the employed experimental procedure. Tests performed on the acquired data indicated a high level of experimental consistency. The removal of phosphate, sulfate and aluminum were very high. In the second stage, the precipitation studies were conducted on the: (1) nitrate group alone; (2) binary groups containing the groups of nitrate-phosphate, nitrate-sulfate, nitrate-fluoride, nitrate-nitrite, and nitrate-carbonate; (3) combined nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and fluoride groups and (4) combined nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, fluoride, nitrite, and carbonate groups. IPA was used as a precipitation solvent. The objectives of this stage were to evaluate the interactions of these groups in the absence of the hydroxide group (e.g. DOE acid-dissolved sludge and acidified supernate streams), and the influence of such interactions on the individual removal of the targeted species. The removal of the aluminum, phosphate, fluoride, and alkaline cations were significantly high (reached 99.9%). The removal of sulfate were moderately high (reached 87%), and the removal of nitrate and alkali cations including cesium were to some extent low (reached about 50%). In the third stage, the precipitation of inorganic species from the simulated NCAW stream was studied using IPA and ethylamine (EA). The precipitation process is very feasible for reducing the radioactivity contents of alkaline cations. However, the process is less effective in separating alkali cations including cesium. The removal of polyvalent transition metals such as aluminum ion is negatively influenced by the significant presence of hydroxide. While the process is effectively capable of separating phosphate, fluoride, and sulfate, it is significantly less effective in separating nitrate and nitrite. A previously derived thermodynamics framework was used to model the precipitation measurements. The framework provided two predictive equations (the 2-Suffix and 3-Suffix equations). Both equations were reasonably adequate for predicting the solubility phase behavior of tested inorganic species in a mixed-solvents mixture as well as for estimating optimum interaction parameters. However, the 3-Suffix equation was better than the 2-Suffix equation. The parameters were useful for estimating the: (1) precipitation fractions (%P) of the studied species, for instance, at different concentration levels of similar targeted species, or in different waste streams with similar or approximate abundance of species, or at different solvents volume ratio (V(r)) where no experimental data are available.
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PMID:Separation of critical radioactive and non-radioactive species from aqueous waste streams. 1123 Sep 13

As high-throughput experimental techniques have become common in the area of materials research, entirely new types of experimental strategies have appeared. The kinds of problems, the desired outcomes, and the appropriate patterns are significantly different from those associated with conventional experimentation. Classical experimental design (design of experiments, DOE) strategies grew up in a period of slow, laborious, error-prone experimentation; a modern high-throughput laboratory can test more materials in a week than was previously done in a year. The goal of this Account is to identify and critically discuss some of the strategies that are being developed and used in this new, exciting area of research.
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PMID:Experimental strategies for combinatorial and high-throughput materials development. 1126 79


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