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Query: UMLS:C0205700 (ash)
 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A grazing trial was conducted with six half-sib yearling Angus steers (average initial weight 281 kg) to quantitate nutrient composition and voluntary intake of vegetative regrowth forage in low-endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams) Kentucky-31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) pasture. A new .6-ha section in each of two 3.0-ha pastures (three steers/pasture) was clipped to a 5-cm height on five consecutive days to establish a series of plots that could be grazed continuously during 5-d test periods at uniform stages of vegetative regrowth; each period represented a specific regrowth stage (7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 d). Steers were conditioned by training them to graze to satiety while tethered with an adjustable-length rope to a 1-m galvanized steel post. Grazing time was limited to two sessions daily beginning at 0800 and 1400, and satiety was achieved after no more than 2.5 h of continuous grazing in each session. Forage DM availability was controlled by adjusting tether length and was set each day at 4% of steer BW. Fecal DM output was measured by chromic oxide dilution. A quadratic (P less than .05) effect of regrowth stage was observed for forage contents of NDF and ADF due to abrupt increases in both fractions at wk 5; values for ADL were unaffected by stage of forage regrowth. Forage contents of CP and ash showed a cubic (P less than .05) response to advancing stage of regrowth, with highest (23.6 and 11.0%, respectively) and lowest (14.7 and 9.1%, respectively) values for both fractions occurring at wk 1 and 5, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Forage composition and intake by steers grazing vegetative regrowth in low endophyte tall fescue pasture. 221 14

Eight pairs of chemosensory neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans take up fluorescein dyes entering through the chemosensory organs. These are amphid neurons ADF, ASH, ASI, ASJ, ASK, and ADL and phasmid neurons PHA and PHB. When filled with dye, the processes and cell bodies of these neurons can be examined in live animals by fluorescence microscopy. Using this technique, we have identified five genes, unc-33, unc-44, unc-51, unc-76, and unc-106, that affect the growth of the amphid and phasmid axons. These genes were found to affect the axons of the mechanosensory PDE neurons as well. The unc-33 mutation specifically affects neuronal microtubules. Sensory dendrites in this mutant have a superabundance of microtubules. Moreover, many of these microtubules are abnormal in diameter, and some form hooks or multiple tubules.
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PMID:Axonal guidance mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans identified by filling sensory neurons with fluorescein dyes. 392 18

In Caenorhabditis elegans three genetic loci osm-3, unc-104 and unc-116 have been identified, which encode anterograde motor kinesin. Here we show that osm-3 encodes a 672 amino acid long kinesin-like protein (KLP) that contains all three functional domains similar to the kinesin heavy chain, including a globular motor region, an alpha-helical coiled-coil rod, and a globular tail region. OSM-3 shows homology in both the motor and rod domains with kinesins from divergent species such as mouse KIF3, and sea urchin KRP95, and also with the rod domains of several non-kinesin proteins, such as myosin, ezrin, outer membrane proteins alpha precursor OMPA, yeast intracellular protein transport USO1, and the rat neurofilament NF-H. Temporal and spatial expression of the osm-3::lacZ fusion gene during development is limited to an exclusive set of 26 chemosensory neurons whose dendritic endings are exposed to the external environment, including six IL2 neurons of the inner labial sensilla, eight pairs of amphid neurons (ADF, ADL, ASE, ASG, ASH, ASI, ASJ, ASK) in the head, and two pairs of phasmid neurons (PHA and PHB) in the tail. Our data are consistent with the known structural defects in the amphid and phasmid sensilla in osm-3 mutants and also show the expression of the gene in IL2 neurons. Temporally, the gene is differentially expressed in all three types of chemosensory sensilla. Further work on osm-3, unc-104 and unc-116 mutants should give insight into the in vivo functions of the kinesin family during C. elegans neurogenesis.
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PMID:Exclusive expression of C. elegans osm-3 kinesin gene in chemosensory neurons open to the external environment. 771 94

In Caenorhabditis elegans, mutants in osmotic avoidance behaviour (osm), which fail to avoid high concentrations of salts and sugars, have been previously identified. These osm mutants are also defective in dauer larva formation, and fail to take up fluorescein dye in six pairs of amphid neurones (ADF, ADL, ASH, ASI, ASJ, and ASK) and two pairs of phasmid neurones. Analysis of the FITC dye uptake by osm-3 mutants show that seven of the eight osm-3 alleles can take up FITC dyes in one pair of amphid neurones, ADF. Comparison of dauer larva formation behaviour in different osm-3 alleles shows a direct correlation between improved behaviour and FITC dye uptake. Therefore, these allelic strains are useful in defining the role of ADF neurones in dauer larva formation.
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PMID:A role of ADF chemosensory neurones in dauer formation behaviour in C. elegans. 821 8

Although it is recognized that the potentially digestible fraction of substrates in the rumen is heterogeneous in composition, most deterministic models that describe ruminal in situ digestion assume existence of only one or two homogeneous fractions of potentially digestible material. Alternatively, a stochastic model based on heterogeneity of substrate has been developed, although its validity has not been determined. To evaluate such a model, alfalfa hay and wheat straw were physically fractionated by dry sieving. Dacron bags containing these fractions were incubated in the rumen of a steer and the residue that remained was analyzed sequentially for DM, NDF, ADF, ADL, and acid detergent insoluble ash. Digestion kinetics of chemical fractions were determined by simultaneous analysis of the digestion profiles of DM, NDF, ADF, ADL, and acid detergent insoluble ash. The weighted mean and variance of the fractional digestion rate constant were .083 h-1 and 4.7 x 10(-4) h-2 for alfalfa and .021 h-1 and 2.4 x 10(-5) h-2 for wheat straw, respectively. In contrast, fitting DM data to a stochastic model assuming heterogeneous rates, the mean and variance of the fractional digestion rate were .078 h-1 and 8.3 x 10(-11) h-2 for alfalfa and .018 h-1 and 5.3 x 10(-12) h-2 for wheat straw, respectively. Because the estimates of the variance approached zero for the stochastic model, it is implied that this model reduced to a model involving a single fractional digestion rate. It is concluded that parameter estimates obtained from a stochastic model do not necessarily have a biological meaning.
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PMID:Digestion kinetics of alfalfa and wheat straw assuming heterogeneity of the potentially digestible fraction. 839 8

The purpose of the study was to identify plant compositional constituents that influence forage intake. Emphasis was put on the ratio in vitro digestibility of organic matter (IVDOM):NDF because preliminary work with cattle and a limited number of forages showed the ratio to account for more variation in intake than either IVDOM or NDF alone. The compositional constituents were tested in intake prediction models using local and published data (n = 302) on grass pastures, silages, hays, straws, legumes, grass-legume mixtures, and shrubs ingested by both browsing and grass-eating ruminants (goats, red deer, impala, blesbok, sheep, cattle, and blue wildebeest). In the local experiments, esophageally fistulated and fecal bag-harnessed animals were used to collect representative grazed forage samples from pastures and to determine OM excreted, respectively. Forage intake was calculated as OM excreted divided by (1-IVDOM). Intake of silages, hays, and straws was measured indoors in digestibility trials. Intakes among species were compared after scaling for size by BW raised to the power of .9. Major contributors to the variation in forage intake were ash, hemicellulose, IVDOM:NDF, ADL, and the interaction between DM content and, respectively, ash, N, and ADL. High tannin/phenol concentrations proved limiting to intake. The ratio of IVDOM:NDF accounted for 67% of the variation in forage intake if data for which the other constituents had an effect were omitted, and the equation, OMI, g.kg BW-.9.d-1 = 70-97e-.975(IVDOM:NDF), predicted intake across all forages and ruminant species with a Sy.x of 5.3 g.kg BW-.9.d-1 (CV = 15%). The ratio of IVDOM:NDF should be valuable as a relatively inexpensive and rapid method to screen forages and cultivars.
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PMID:Plant compositional constituents affecting between-plant and animal species prediction of forage intake. 856 82

We developed a quantitative assay for Caenorhabditis elegans avoidance behavior. This was then used to demonstrate that the worm moved away from toxic concentrations of Cd2+ and Cu2+, but not Ni2+, all ions that prevented development from larval to adult stages. Mutants that have structural defects in ciliated neurons (che-2 and osm-3) as well as worms with three laser-operated neurons (ADL, ASE, and ASH), showed no avoidance behavior from Cd2+ and Cu2+. These results suggest that the avoidance from Cd2+ and Cu2+ are mediated through multiple neural pathways including ADL, ASE, and ASH neurons. We hypothesize that the three sensing neurons provide increased accuracy of the sensory response and a survival advantage in the natural environment of the worm.
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PMID:Sensing of cadmium and copper ions by externally exposed ADL, ASE, and ASH neurons elicits avoidance response in Caenorhabditis elegans. 1020 43

Natural Caenorhabditis elegans isolates exhibit either social or solitary feeding on bacteria. We show here that social feeding is induced by nociceptive neurons that detect adverse or stressful conditions. Ablation of the nociceptive neurons ASH and ADL transforms social animals into solitary feeders. Social feeding is probably due to the sensation of noxious chemicals by ASH and ADL neurons; it requires the genes ocr-2 and osm-9, which encode TRP-related transduction channels, and odr-4 and odr-8, which are required to localize sensory chemoreceptors to cilia. Other sensory neurons may suppress social feeding, as social feeding in ocr-2 and odr-4 mutants is restored by mutations in osm-3, a gene required for the development of 26 ciliated sensory neurons. Our data suggest a model for regulation of social feeding by opposing sensory inputs: aversive inputs to nociceptive neurons promote social feeding, whereas antagonistic inputs from neurons that express osm-3 inhibit aggregation.
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PMID:Social feeding in Caenorhabditis elegans is induced by neurons that detect aversive stimuli. 1241 Feb 96

An animal's ability to detect and avoid toxic compounds in the environment is crucial for survival. We show that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans avoids many water-soluble substances that are toxic and that taste bitter to humans. We have used laser ablation and a genetic cell rescue strategy to identify sensory neurons involved in the avoidance of the bitter substance quinine, and found that ASH, a polymodal nociceptive neuron that senses many aversive stimuli, is the principal player in this response. Two G protein alpha subunits GPA-3 and ODR-3, expressed in ASH and in different, nonoverlapping sets of sensory neurons, are necessary for the response to quinine, although the effect of odr-3 can only be appreciated in the absence of gpa-3. We identified and cloned a new gene, qui-1, necessary for quinine and SDS avoidance. qui-1 codes for a novel protein with WD-40 domains and which is expressed in the avoidance sensory neurons ASH and ADL.
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PMID:Worms taste bitter: ASH neurons, QUI-1, GPA-3 and ODR-3 mediate quinine avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans. 1498 22

Ablations of specific amphidial neuron pairs with a laser microbeam were conducted to understand better the neurological basis of the behaviours of larval parasitic nematodes. To date, the functions of the amphidial neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans and their counterparts in parasitic nematodes have been found to be remarkably conserved allowing the possibility to predict the relationships between neurons and their functions. Therefore, we anticipated that ablation of neuron pairs ASH and ASK would abrogate avoidance of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) by infective larvae (L3i) of Anclyostoma caninum. Instead, we have found that laser microbeam ablation of these neuron pairs did not eliminate SDS avoidance in A. caninum, but that neuron pairs ASH and ADL are the amphidial neurons responsible for SDS repulsion. When a droplet of the repellent is placed in the direct path of a normal A. caninum L3i, a strong backward avoidance response is triggered. However, when the ASH and ADL neurons are ablated, the nematodes demonstrate the opposite reaction, increasing their movement in a forward direction.
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PMID:Amphidial neurons ADL and ASH initiate sodium dodecyl sulphate avoidance responses in the infective larva of the dog hookworm Anclyostoma caninum. 1554 93


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