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Query: UMLS:C0205700 (ash)
 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Synthetic transcripts of a satellite RNA associated with a lilac isolate of arabis mosaic nepovirus (ArMV) were made from cDNA clones. Transcripts having either six (M1R) or 29 (M3R) extra nucleotides at their 5' ends replicated in the presence of ArMV genomic RNA in manually inoculated Chenopodium quinoa plants, even though M1R also differs from the native sequence at nucleotide position 2. Transcript 12R, which has 11 guanosyl residues and 27 other nucleotides not present in the natural satellite RNA at its 5' end, and also lacks the two 5'-terminal nucleotides (UA), replicated inefficiently, both in transformed tobacco plants and in plants that had been manually inoculated. Transcripts from another construct (M2R) lacking eight 5'-terminal bases of the native sequence did not multiply in plants. Each of these transcripts directed the in vitro synthesis of a protein (Mr 39K) encoded by satellite RNA, although 12R was the least efficient message. Analysis of the 5'-terminal sequences in progeny RNA from M1R showed that the non-native bases were removed and the second nucleotide corrected, suggesting that VPg plus a few initial 5'-terminal bases might serve as a primer for plus-strand synthesis of this satellite RNA. When M1R was inoculated with genomic RNAs from ArMV of ash or ivy, the transcripts replicated and were encapsidated. However, when the same amounts of M1R were inoculated with genomic RNAs of ArMV from hop or sugar-beet, progeny of the transcripts were not detected either in virions or in plants. Less surprisingly, this RNA transcript did not multiply in the presence of dogwood mosaic, strawberry latent ringspot, grapevine fanleaf or cherry leaf roll nepoviruses.
J Gen Virol 1991 Dec
PMID:Biologically active transcripts of a large satellite RNA from arabis mosaic nepovirus and the importance of 5' end sequences for its replication. 172

This study describes an interrenal stress response in adult toads, Bufo terrestris, after exposure to coal combustion waste (characterized by a variety of trace elements). In the first portion of this study, free-ranging male toads captured at the coal ash polluted site exhibited significantly higher circulating levels of corticosterone (B) in both June/July and August than conspecifics captured at uncontaminated sites. In addition, both calling and noncalling males from the polluted site had higher B levels than conspecifics engaged in the same behaviors at reference sites. Testosterone levels were elevated in toads from the polluted site, regardless of capture month or behavioral state, suggesting altered androgen production, utilization, and/or clearance. In the second portion of this study, male toads from reference sites were transplanted to enclosures at the polluted site or an uncontaminated site. Toads held at the polluted site exhibited significant increases in B after 10 days of exposure compared to toads held at the reference site. B levels remained significantly elevated in toads transplanted to the polluted site after 12 weeks. We hypothesize that high concentrations of various trace elements in the polluted site are responsible for these hormonal responses.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 1997 Nov
PMID:Increased circulating levels of testosterone and corticosterone in southern toads, Bufo terrestris, exposed to coal combustion waste. 935 19

This study was conducted to investigate changes in in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and cell wall constituent degradation in wheat straw treated with 3 strains of the fungus Pleurotus tuber-regium (PT). The incubation of wheat straw for 30 days at 28 degrees C improved IVDMD from 30.3% (UWS-untreated wheat straw) to 47.1% for strain PT1, to 48.5% for PT4, and was unchanged IVDMD-29.9% -for PT5. The growth of fungi was accompanied by the dry matter loss of wheat straw: 31.5% for PT1, 20.9% for PT4, and 4.8% for PT5. Fungal treatment was characterized by increased crude protein and ash contents (%) in all fungi-treated straws and reduced hemicellulose and lignin content. It is evident that enzymes of all 3 PT strains preferentially degraded hemicellulose and lignin over cellulose. Wheat straw treated with PT1 (TWS-PT1), PT4 (TWS-PT4), and PT5 (TWS-PT5) and barley (80% : 20%) were used as the experimental diets at the fermentation in the artificial rumen. UWS with barley (80% : 20%) served as the control diet. The fermentation of experimental diets was accompanied with increased IVDMD and a very low degree of hemicellulose degradation. Total gas and methane productions were similar in all diets. Moreover, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production (mmol day(-1)), mol % of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate were not influenced during the fermentation of experimental diets. From the stoichiometric relations, production, utilization, and recovery of metabolic hydrogen and organic matter fermented were unchanged. Only the recovery of metabolic hydrogen in TWS-PT5 was significantly increased in comparison to control diet. Total microbial production showed the tendency of lower values in experimental diets, and it was accompanied with a significant decrease of ammonia nitrogen (mg L(-1)). Finally the results showed that the strains of Pleurotus tuber-regium can improve the quality of wheat straw, but the loss of dry matter (DM) (mainly hemicellulose) limits the effective utilization of fungi-treated straw in ruminant digestion.
J Gen Appl Microbiol 1999 Dec
PMID:Effect of three strains of Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fr.) Sing. on chemical composition and rumen fermentation of wheat straw. 1250 56

A full-length cDNA encoding insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) was cloned from mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella) liver tissue using reverse transcription polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) techniques. The IGF-I precursor cDNA consists of 822 bp in size with a 218 bp 5'-untranslated region and 118 bp 3'-untranslated region. The 486 bp open reading frame encodes a 161 amino acid peptide with a molecular weight of 17.9 kDa. The deduced IGF-I amino acid sequence shared 82.5-97% and 82.5-84% sequence identity with fish and mammalian counterparts, respectively. The mature IGF-I was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the expression level of recombinant mcIGF-I reached to 34.1% of the cell total protein. After purification and refolding of recombinant mcIGF-I, growth-promoting effect of recombinant mcIGF-I was investigated, the results showed that the recombinant mcIGF-I significantly enhanced the growth rate of juvenile tilapia. After 6-week treatment, the growth rates of group 1 and 2 were 53 and 67.3% higher than the saline-treated control group. The recombinant mcIGF-I was more effective than recombinant mcGH to enhance the growth rate of juvenile tilapia. The recombinant mcIGF-I-treated fish revealed no significant changes of content of protein, lipid, ash and moisture in muscle.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006 Sep 01
PMID:Molecular cloning, recombinant expression, and growth-promoting effect of mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella) insulin-like growth factor-I. 1670 29

Four RNAs from a new plant-pathogenic virus, which we have tentatively named European mountain ash ringspot-associated virus (EMARAV), were identified and sequenced completely. All four viral RNAs could be detected in previous double-stranded RNA preparations. RNA 1 (7040 nt) encodes a protein with similarity to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of different members of the Bunyaviridae, a family containing five genera with viruses infecting invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. RNA 2 (2335 nt) encodes a 75 kDa protein containing a conserved motif of the glycoprotein precursor of the genus Phlebovirus. Immunological detection indicated the presence of proteins with the expected size of the precursor and one of its processing products. The amino acid sequence of protein p3 (35 kDa) encoded by RNA 3 shows similarities to a putative nucleocapsid protein of two still unclassified plant viruses. The fourth viral RNA encodes a 27 kDa protein that has no significant homology to any known protein. As is typical for members of the family Bunyaviridae, the 5' and 3' ends of all viral RNAs are complementary, which allows the RNA to form a panhandle structure. Comparison of these sequences demonstrates a conserved terminal part of 13 nt, similar to that of the bunyaviral genus Orthobunyavirus. Despite the high agreement of the EMARAV genome with several characteristics of the family Bunyaviridae, there are a few features that make it difficult to allocate the virus to this group. It is therefore more likely that this plant pathogen belongs to a novel virus genus.
J Gen Virol 2007 Apr
PMID:A novel, multipartite, negative-strand RNA virus is associated with the ringspot disease of European mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.). 1737 80

Several dsRNA bands (approx. 0.6-7 kbp in size) were recovered from tissues of mosaic-diseased fig seedlings which contained the enveloped round structures known as double membrane bodies (DMBs). blast analysis of a 4353 and a 1120 nt sequence from the two largest RNA segments showed homology with the polymerase and the putative glycoprotein precursor genes of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Bunyaviridae. Negative- and positive-sense riboprobes designed from both RNA segments hybridized to two bands of approximately 7 and 2.3 kbp in Northern blots of dsRNAs. Thus, these segments were identified as putative RNA-1 and RNA-2 of a novel virus for which the name fig mosaic virus (FMV) is proposed. Identity levels of predicted amino acids of the protein encoded by FMV RNA-1 with those of species of the family Bunyaviridae and European mountain ash ringspot-associated virus (EMERaV) were 28 and 54 %, respectively. RNA-2 showed 38 % identity at the amino acid level only with EMARaV. RNA-1 segment contained five conserved motifs (A-E) and an endonucleolytic centre of comparable genes of L RNA of bunyaviruses and EMARaV RNA-1. In a phylogenetic tree constructed with RdRp sequences, EMARaV grouped with FMV in a clade distinct from those of all bunyavirus genera. The consistent association of DMBs with mosaic symptoms and the results of molecular investigations strongly indicate that DMBs are particles of FMV, the aetiological agent of fig mosaic disease.
J Gen Virol 2009 May
PMID:A multipartite single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus is the putative agent of fig mosaic disease. 1926 12

1. The water, ash, glycogen, nitrogen, and ether extract content of the tissues of chicken embryos were determined between the 5th and the 19th days of incubation. 2. It was found that the concentration of solid substance changed from approximately 5 to 17 per cent during this interval. The chief change in the organic substances involved a relative decrease in the nitrogen as compared with the fat. 3. Bomb calorimetric estimations confirmed these findings. It was shown that the calorific value of the dried substance increased with age. 4. The rate of growth of the total solids, and of the potential energy of the tissues was estimated. 5 Various theoretical considerations were brought forward dealing chiefly with the order in which the chief organic substances, carbohydrate, protein, and fat could be ranged when judged by various criteria.
J Gen Physiol 1926 Mar 20
PMID:PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENY : A. CHICKEN EMBRYOS. VII. THE CONCENTRATION OF THE ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS AND THE CALORIFIC VALUE AS FUNCTIONS OF AGE. 1987 64

The results herein presented furnish exact critical evidence for one more stage in milk secretion. Cows producing up to 30 pounds of milk at one milking are shown to have the lactose equivalent of all this milk in the udder when milking commences. The average excess of lactose found in the udder after subtracting the amount necessary for the contained milk is equal to 2.1 pounds. This represents the milk retained in the udder when the cow is believed to be dry. These conclusions are further supported by the fact that no sugar is found in the udder in the quiescent state. The study of the total composition of the udder as fat, ash, nitrogen, and lactose, and of the contained milk shows that there is a large excess of fat, ash, and nitrogen in proportion to that necessary for milk formation. The excess of udder lactose over the milk lactose is much less. The lactose would therefore appear to be formed from some element in the blood, probably dextrose, only as needed for the formation of milk. The composition of the dry udder is quite different in certain respects from that of the actively secreting gland. It builds up a fat reserve of a quite different Reichert-Meissl number from that of butter-fat. It has no sugar, its ash content is reduced, and the nitrogen content is like that of the secreting gland.
J Gen Physiol 1928 Sep 20
PMID:SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SECRETING AND DRY MAMMARY GLAND TO MILK SECRETION. 1987 40

In this paper data are presented on cows receiving no food but having access to all of the water which they wished. The yield and composition of the milk were determined at various times during the periods of starvation. The composition of the milk showed changes which were progressive in the sense that they followed a definite course. They were characterized by a marked lowering in the amount of milk produced, by an increase in the total solids (chiefly an increase in the percentage of fat and ash, with a slight increase in proteins), and by a pronounced decrease in the lactose. The decrease in lactose corresponded with a decrease in the dextrose content of the blood, thereby supporting the conclusion that the lactose of milk has as its precursor dextrose of the blood. All the changes in milk composition during starvation can be directly related to the simultaneous changes in the blood. The following companion paper on insulin and phloridzin as they affect milk secretion further develops these hypotheses.
J Gen Physiol 1931 Sep 20
PMID:STUDIES ON MILK SECRETION : THE INFLUENCE OF INANITION. 1987 26

The four types of experiments on milk secretion herein described really fall into one general class so far as the physiological effects produced are concerned. Starvation lowers the blood sugar and raises the osmotic pressure of the blood. The experiment using parathyroid hormone with or without starvation may have its effects interpreted as simply due to starvation since 1000 units of this hormone produced no visible effects on the blood calcium or milk constituents different from those of starvation. Since insulin produces a marked and rapid drop in blood sugar it too may be looked upon as a rapid starvation effect. It has some other important effects, however. Briggs et al. (21) have shown that potassium and phosphorus of the blood are decreased and Luck, Morrison, and Wilbur (22) indicate a reduction in the amino acids of the blood in insulin treatment. Phloridzin lowers the threshold for sugar retention with the consequence that in time it tends to lower the sugar of the blood to an even greater extent than that noted in starvation. It tends to depress the potassium, to increase the phosphorus content of the blood, and to cause the body to burn protein rather than carbohydrate, thus increasing nitrogen excretion. All of the experiments are characterized by a sharp reduction in the milk yield. Cary and Meigs (23) have studied like reductions in milk yield produced by varying the energy or protein of the diet. They conclude that such decrease in milk production may be interpreted as due to the direct effect of the starvation and the consequent reduction of the energy and protein available to milk secretion. The reduction in milk yield for the experiments herein described can undoubtedly be attributed to the same causes as those cited by Cary and Meigs. The experiment where Cow 47 was given a full ration and at the same time injected with large quantities of insulin is of particular interest in this connection. The ration was adequate and the cow ate well, yet her production declined to a fifth of her normal milk yield. Her chart shows that there was a slight reduction in her blood sugar when insulin was introduced into the blood stream. It seems furthermore likely that this sugar was not as available to milk secretion, since there appears to be more than a corresponding drop in the lactose content of the milk. The work of Luck et al. would seem to indicate that there should be a like drop in the amino acids of the blood. These two conditions would lead, according to the work of Cary and Meigs, to a reduction in the concentration of the nitrogen of the milk. Actually, in the experiment as it was performed, the nitrogen increased to a value about 40 per cent above normal. A somewhat similar conflict is noted in two of the other three insulin experiments where starvation accompanied insulin injection. To this extent it would seem that the factor deserving most emphasis in its immediate effect on milk yield is the energy available, and that the later and more secondary factor is the amino acid concentration of the blood. In the starvation experiments, the butter fat percentage of the milk rises rather uniformly with the duration of starvation. In the insulin experiments, however, the charts appear to show a marked reduction in this butter fat percentage immediately after the introduction of insulin. This is particularly noticed after the second and third injections. Since the dextrose of the blood tends to be reduced and made unavailable to the general physiological processes by the presence of the large excess of insulin, and since this reduction of the butter fat percentage is noted as an accompanying phenomenon, it would appear that the blood dextrose plays a part in the synthesis of milk fat as well as being the source of the milk lactose, possibly as a source of energy in converting body fat to butter fat. In this regard the results for the treatment of Cow 47 with phloridzin are of importance. As noted by others, the introduction of phloridzin causes a marked rise in the fat percentage of the milk. The lactose per cent is also higher than that noted in starvation. Since phloridzin, by lowering the threshold for the blood sugar, causes large quantities of it to be drained from the body through the urine, and therefore reduces the reserve supply, it follows that if the insulin hypotheses are correct we should expect an eventual lowering of the lactose and of the fat below the starvation level. During the last of the experiment this is what was actually observed. The effects of starvation and of insulin furnish concordant proof for the theory that the lactose of milk is derived from the sugar of the blood. The fact that the different constituents of the milk, the fat, the lactose, the nitrogen, and the ash, do not exactly parallel each other in their behavior throughout these experiments indicates that they have in all probability separate origin. This is particularly true of the butter fat percentage, which appears to have a rate of secretion which is more or less independent of the other constituents, and higher in amount. This result would fall in line with the conclusion of the writers in a previous paper in which it was indicated that the fat of the blood was very likely deposited in the udder as fat corresponding to body fat from which source it was metabolized into the fat of milk shortly before it was needed for milk secretion. The wide variation brought about in the constituents of the milk by the treatment all point to the conclusion that in milk secretion a balance is maintained between the osmotic pressure of the milk and of the blood. Thus when the sugar of the milk is reduced either through starvation or by insulin the ash constituents rise to compensate for this reduction and make the osmotic pressure of the milk similar to that of the blood. These results further appear to indicate that the salts and the sugars are more or less independent in their passage and metabolism into milk from the other constituents. These observations are therefore in line with those obtained by Jackson and Rothera (14) and by Davidson (15) in their brilliant experiments where they modified milk secretion by returning milk or milk sugars and salts to the udder. These experiments give direct proof for the conclusion that modifications of the blood of dairy cattle produce direct and predictable modification of the milk secreted.
J Gen Physiol 1931 Sep 20
PMID:ON THE MECHANISM OF MILK SECRETION : THE INFLUENCE OF INSULIN AND PHLORIDZIN. 1987 27


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