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Groups of weanling pigs were fed a purified diet containing graded concentrations of olestra ranging from 1.1 to 7.7% (wt/wt) and the NRC's requirements for micronutrients for 12 wk. Each group consisted of 12 pigs, with the exception of the control group, which had 20, with equal numbers of females and castrated males. The purpose of the study was to determine the dose-response effects of olestra on fat-soluble vitamins and selected water-soluble micronutrients. At wk 0, 4, 8 and 12, hematology, clinical chemistry and blood concentrations of vitamins A, E, K and B12, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, folate, calcium, iron, zinc and adipose concentration of vitamin E were measured. Cumulative weight gain and feed efficiency were determined weekly. Prothrombin time was measured weekly for the control group and the groups fed 5.5 or 7.7% olestra, and monthly for other groups. Liver concentrations of vitamins A, E, and B12 and iron and bone concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, zinc and ash were measured for 12 pigs killed at wk 0 and for all animals at wk 12. By wk 12, the pigs were eating from 20 to 155 g/d of olestra. Olestra did not affect the pigs' growth or feed efficiency, indicating that the digestion and absorption of macronutrients were unaffected. Olestra reduced tissue concentrations of vitamin A, vitamin E and 25-hydroxyergocalciferol in a dose-responsive manner but did not affect prothrombin time. Olestra had no effect on the status of folate, vitamin B12, zinc or iron. Statistically reduced liver concentrations of vitamin B12 and iron in groups fed 5.5 or 7.7% olestra and a significant trend in bone ash content with olestra intake were possibly due to the poor vitamin A and/or vitamin E status of the pigs.
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PMID:Olestra dose response on fat-soluble and water-soluble nutrients in the pig. 923 56

Groups of weanling pigs (5 castrated males, 5 females per group) were fed purified diets containing the NRC's requirements for nutrients and 0, 1.1, 4.4 or 7.7% olestra for 12 wk. Graded concentrations of vitamins A, D2 and E were added at each olestra concentration. The primary purpose of the study was to establish relationships between dietary concentration of olestra and the amounts of vitamins A, D2 and E needed to restore tissue concentrations of these vitamins to control concentrations. A secondary purpose was to confirm that olestra does not affect the status of vitamin K or water-soluble nutrients. Liver concentrations of vitamins A, E and B12, iron and zinc and bone concentrations of ash, zinc, calcium and phosphorus, were measured in a group of pigs killed at the start of the study and in all pigs killed at wk 12. Growth, feed efficiency, hematology, clinical chemistry, blood concentrations of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, 25-hydroxyergocalciferol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, folate, iron, total iron-binding capacity, zinc and calcium and adipose concentration of vitamin E were measured at 4-wk intervals. Prothrombin time was measured weekly for the control and 7.7% olestra groups, monthly for others. Relationships derived from measured tissue concentrations of vitamins A and E showed that constant amounts of the vitamins were required per unit mass of olestra in the diet to restore tissue concentrations to control values. Such a relationship could not be determined for vitamin D because exposure of the pigs to UV light resulted in an apparent interaction between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. Olestra did not affect growth, digestible feed efficiency, vitamin K status or the status of the water-soluble micronutrients, in agreement with other studies in the pig.
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PMID:Olestra's effect on the status of vitamins A, D and E in the pig can be offset by increasing dietary levels of these vitamins. 923 57

1. Three battery experiments were conducted with broiler chicks during the 2nd and 3rd week of life. Graded amounts of cholecalciferol (D3) were added to maize-soyabean meal diets that were designed to be (a) severely deficient in available phosphorus (P), (b) marginally deficient in calcium (Ca) or (c) adequate in both available P and Ca. 2. With diets containing 1.0 g available P and 6.3 g Ca/kg (assay 1), graded doses of D3 between 0 and 37.5 mu/kg produced linear (P < 0.05) positive responses in both weight gain and tibia ash. With a D3 concentration of 1250 micrograms/kg, 250 times the requirement recommended by the NRC, bone ash was increased (P < 0.05) over that of birds fed 37.5 micrograms/kg, and neither weight gain nor food intake were reduced. 3. With a P-adequate diet (4.5 g available P/kg) containing 8.5 g Ca/kg (assay 2), weight gain and bone ash increased linearly (P < 0.05) upon supplementing the basal diet with 0, 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms D3/kg. Higher doses of D3 did not elicit further responses, and chicks fed on a diet containing 1250 micrograms D3/kg gained as fast and had bone ash values that did not differ from those of chicks receiving 5, 10, 20 or 40 micrograms D3/kg. 4. When the maize-soyabean meal basal diet was fortified with Ca and P to achieve adequate amounts of Ca (10.1 g/kg) and P (4.5 g available P/kg) in assay 3, dietary additions produced results similar to those obtained in assay 2 where P was adequate and Ca was slightly deficient. Again, chicks receiving a surfeit of D3 (1250 micrograms/kg) exhibited weight gains and bone ash values that were as great as those of chicks receiving 5, 10, 15 or 30 micrograms D3/kg. 5. It is apparent that young chicks have a high tolerance for excess D3, and chicks fed on diets that are severely deficient in available P continue to respond to D3 in excess of 37.5 micrograms/kg.
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PMID:Vitamin D3 requirement of young chicks receiving diets varying in calcium and available phosphorus. 969 24

Studies were conducted to evaluate spent hen meal (SHM) produced in commercial rendering plants as a nutrient source in diets for broiler chickens. Utilizing previously determined nutrient composition values, including digestible amino acid and TMEn content, diets were formulated to include 0, 5, 10, and 15% of SHM from three different locations. In the first experiment, conducted in battery pens from 1 to 21 d posthatch, diets were formulated with digestible amino acid requirements set at 90, 95, or 100% of NRC (1994) total amino acid requirements. In the second experiment, conducted in floor pens from 1 to 49 d posthatch, diets were formulated with digestible amino acid requirements set at 95% of NRC (1994) total amino acid requirements. Samples of birds from the second experiment were processed to determine the possible influence of SHM inclusion on carcass yield. Results of the present studies indicate that SHM from commercial rendering facilities can be utilized in diets for growing broiler chickens provided adjustments are made in nutrient content and digestibility. When formulated on the basis of digestible amino acid content, levels of SHM up to 10% appear acceptable based upon body weight, feed conversion, bone ash, and carcass yield. Higher inclusion rates generally reduced performance. It is apparent that differences in nutritional quality may exist among products produced by different rendering facilities; however, evaluation of products to assess nutrient quality may be difficult under commercial conditions. As more information is generated regarding typical amino acid content and digestibility of rendered SHM, the product may be used with greater confidence in commercial diets.
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PMID:Utilization of spent hen meal in diets for broiler chickens. 973 26

An experiment was conducted to re-evaluate the nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) requirement of growing pullets and to determine to what extent this requirement could be reduced by phytase. Six diets in a 3 x 2 factorial design were used. The pullets of the control group (T1) were fed a sequence of 0.4-0.35-0.3% NPP for the age periods of 0 to 6, 6 to 12, and 12 to 18 wk, respectively, according to NRC (1994) recommendation. The NPP level was reduced by an increment of 0.1% in each phase in T2 and T3. The pullets of T4 to T6 were fed similar NPP levels to T1 to T3, respectively, with 300 units phytase/kg diet. From 18 to 30 wk of age, the pullets on all growing regimens were fed a layer diet with 0.4% NPP. Records were maintained for BW and feed intake during the growing period and for egg production during the laying period. Blood and tibia samples were taken at 6, 12, and 18 wk of age for determining plasma P, tibia weight, and tibia ash. Two digestion trials were conducted at Weeks 5 and 18 for determining total P excretion. Body weights at 18 wk and feed intake for the period of 0 to 18 wk were not different from the control for pullets fed the two lower NPP regimens (P > 0.05). Phytase had a favorable effect on BW at 18 wk (P = 0.0539) and feed intake for the period of 0 to 18 wk (P < 0.05). Plasma P was lower for pullets fed the least NPP than for those fed the control NPP regimen only at 6 wk of age (P < 0.05). Bone quality measurements at 6, 12, and 18 wk of age were not different for pullets fed various NPP regimens (P > 0.05). Phytase, for the most part did, not have an effect on plasma P and bone quality (P > 0.05). Total P intake and total P excretion (mg/bird per day) were reduced due to lowering the dietary NPP in both digestion trials (P < 0.05). Phytase did not have an effect on daily total P intake or excretion. Production and specific gravity were not influenced by NPP regimens used during the growing period. Specific gravity for the entire experiment was greater for pullets fed phytase (P < 0.05). The results indicated that the lowest NPP regimen in the absence of phytase was adequate to support performance of pullets, and due to this, it was not possible to determine the effect of phytase in diminishing the P need of growing pullets.
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PMID:Reevaluation of nonphytate phosphorus requirement of growing pullets with and without phytase. 1094 83

A study was conducted to determine the extent fecal P levels could be reduced while maintaining performance. Various strategies were employed including the use of a high available phosphorus hybrid of corn (HAPC), supplementation with phytase enzyme, and reduced dietary P levels. The use of HAPC resulted in a 50% reduction in phytate-bound dietary P as compared with a normal yellow dent corn (YDC) diet. Dietary nonphytate P was maintained at either NRC (1994) recommendations for appropriate age periods or reduced by 0.075 or 0.15%. Portions of the diets were supplemented with 1,000 units of phytase/kg. Male chicks of a commercial strain were grown to 56 d on the test diets. Broilers fed diets with HAPC had BW, feed conversion, livability, and tibia ash that were equal to or superior to those fed diets with YDC with considerably reduced fecal P content at any dietary level of nonphytate P. Phytase supplementation enabled birds to maintain live performance at lower levels of nonphytate P, further reducing the fecal P output. One of the greatest contributions of phytase was a reduction in mortality at the lower levels of nonphytate P. Dietary P levels could be reduced by 0.075% under NRC (1994) recommendations without adversely affecting live performance; a reduction of 0.15% in conjunction with phytase supplementation maintained BW, feed conversion, and livability but reduced tibia ash. The extent to which dietary P levels can be reduced over the entire feeding program is subject to further research.
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PMID:Evaluation of normal yellow dent corn and high available phosphorus corn in combination with reduced dietary phosphorus and phytase supplementation for broilers grown to market weights in litter pens. 1102 73

A study was conducted to evaluate the ability of the young (0 to 3 wk) broiler chicken to utilize the P provided by a high available P corn [HAPC; 0.27% total P and 0.17% nonphytate P] in comparison with yellow dent corn (YDC; 0.23% total P and 0.03% nonphytate P), and to determine the extent to which supplementation with exogenous phytase enzyme could reduce the demands for dietary P and subsequently reduce P excretion. Diets prepared using the two types of corn differed in the amount of phytate-bound P, with the HAPC diets containing approximately 50% less phytate-bound P. Treatment diets were prepared by varying the amount of dicalcium phosphate, and ranged from 0.10 to 0.50% nonphytate P for YDC diets, and from 0.18 to 0.50% nonphytate P for HAPC diets. Sublots of each diet were supplemented with 800 units/kg phytase. Each diet was fed to six pens of five male chicks of a commercial broiler strain from 1 to 21 d of age. Regression analysis was used to estimate nonphytate P requirements for each corn type with and without phytase supplementation. The greatest need for nonphytate P was for maximum tibia ash, with requirements of 0.39, 0.29, 0.37, and 0.32% in diets with YDC, YDC plus phytase, HAPC, and HAPC plus phytase, respectively. Addition of phytase liberated approximately 50% of the phytate-bound P from each diet. These levels were sufficient to support body weight, feed conversion, and livability. Fecal P content of broilers fed diets with YDC at the NRC (1994) recommended level of 0.45% nonphytate P was 1.21%, whereas at the respective requirement points indicated above, the P content was 1.09, 0.87, 0.78, and 0.64% in feces from broilers fed diets with YDC, YDC plus phytase, HAPC, and HAPC plus phytase, respectively. Thus, fecal P output could be reduced while maintaining optimum performance by the use of reduced dietary nonphytate P, introduction of HAPC, and phytase supplementation. One of the greatest benefits of phytase supplementation appeared to be maintaining livability at lower dietary levels of nonphytate P.
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PMID:Nonphytate phosphorus requirement and phosphorus excretion of broiler chicks fed diets composed of normal or high available phosphate corn with and without microbial phytase. 1105 52

Two studies of identical design were conducted in battery brooders utilizing male chicks of a commercial strain. The birds were grown to 3 wk on diets with adequate P and from 3 to 6 wk were fed diets ranging from 0.10 to 0.45% nonphytate P (nPP) in increments of 0.05%, with or without supplementation with 800 units of phytase per kilogram of diet. Measurements included BW gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality, tibia ash, and fecal P content. Nonlinear regression was used to estimate nPP needs for optimizing BW gain, feed conversion, and tibia ash. In the absence of phytase, nPP levels of 0.33, 0.186, and 0.163% were required to optimize tibia ash, BW gain, and FCR, respectively. The estimated level for optimum tibia ash is in close agreement with current NRC (1994) recommendations. In the presence of 800 units of phytase per kilogram, nPP levels of 0.24, 0.151, and 0.109% were needed to optimize tibia ash, BW gain, and FCR, respectively. Fecal phosphorus levels were markedly reduced at the lower P levels. Further studies are needed to determine whether maximum tibia ash values are needed to sustain optimum production of market broilers.
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PMID:Phosphorus requirements of broiler chicks three to six weeks of age as influenced by phytase supplementation. 1129 84

Sixty calves were assigned to a comparative slaughter study to determine the changes in composition of milk replacer-fed Holstein bull calves from birth to 105-kg body weight (BW). Six calves were slaughtered on day of birth and served as a baseline for comparison of compositional changes. Fifty-four calves were assigned to one of three treatments (18 calves per treatment). Calves were fed milk replacer containing 30% crude protein (CP) and 20% fat. Target growth rates for treatments 1, 2, and 3 were 500, 950, and 1400 g/d, respectively. Six calves from each treatment were slaughtered and analyzed for energy, nitrogen, ether extract, and ash when they reached 65, 85 and 105 kg of BW. Actual daily gains from birth to slaughter were 560, 973, and 1100 g, and net deposition of CP and fat were 140 and 44, 204 and 154, and 247 and 161 g/d for treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Results were used to develop equations to predict retained energy [retained energy = (empty BW(0.223)) x (empty BW gain(1.32))], and retained protein, [retained protein = (184 x empty BW gain (kilograms/d)) + (17.2 x (retained energy)/empty BW gain] where retained energy is in Mcal/d, retained protein is in g/d, and empty BW and gain are in kilograms. The composition of gain observed was compared to predictions from the 1989 Dairy NRC and 1996 Beef NRC equations and demonstrated the equations do not represent the composition of gain in calves of this weight.
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PMID:Composition of growth of Holstein calves fed milk replacer from birth to 105-kilogram body weight. 1135 60

Two experiments were conducted using a corn-soybean meal diet that meets or exceeds the NRC (1984) requirements for all nutrients except cholecalciferol (D3) to determine the effectiveness of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OHD3) as a substitute for D3 in the diet of young broilers. Ross x Ross mixed-sex, 1-d-old chicks were reared in Petersime battery brooders not exposed to ultraviolet light with feed and water supplied ad libitum for 16 d. In Experiment 1, D3 was fed at 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 microg/kg and one source of 1alpha-OHD3-(Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc.; HLR) was fed at 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 microg/kg of diet. In Experiment 2, the D3 was fed at 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 microg and two sources of 1alpha-OHD3-[HLR and Majestic Research Inc. (MRI)] were fed at 0, 0.625, 1.25, and 5 microg/kg of diet. Slope ratio analysis of data from the measurement of 16-d body weight, plasma Ca, rickets, and bone ash indicated bioavailability of the 1alpha-OHD3 as compared to D3 from 1.88 to 21.2. Percentage bone ash gave the most precise values in both experiments. Considering all the data from both experiments, the 1alpha-OHD3 appears to be approximately eight times as effective as D3 for satisfying the requirements of several criteria in two experiments with broiler chickens.
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PMID:Quantitative evaluation of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol as a cholecalciferol substitute for broilers. 1203 16


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