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 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tibia biopsies were taken from 75 live pigs at 4-wk intervals and from 251 slaughtered pigs to evaluate bone biopsy as a procedure for determining Ca/P status in pigs fed 70, 85, 100, 115 and 130% of the NRC (1979) estimated dietary Ca and P percentage requirements from weaning to market. Least squares means and SE of live and slaughter biopsy wet weight, ash weight and dry, fat-free ash percentage (DFF%) were compared at each time in each trial and found not to differ. Diet and time effects on ash weight, ash percentage of wet weight and DFF% of the biopsy core also did not differ greatly between slaughter and live biopsies and generally responded linearly and quadratically (P less than .01) to increasing Ca/P level and time. Biopsy measures were correlated (P less than .05) with third and fourth metacarpal and metatarsal length, bending and shear stress and DFF%. Means for slaughter biopsy DFF% did not differ greatly from the average of third and fourth metacarpal and metatarsal DFF% from slaughter pigs. Means for live and slaughter biopsy DFF% were lower than those for whole bones for the 70 and 85% NRC estimated Ca/P levels, but not for the 100, 115 and 130% NRC levels. Bone biopsy offers potential as a reliable noninvasive procedure for monitoring Ca/P status of swine from weaning to market, but it needs further study for use in Ca/P research in swine.
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PMID:Evaluation of a bone biopsy technique for determining the calcium and phosphorus status of swine from weaning to market weight. 201 96

Three trials involving 251 crossbred pigs were conducted to establish response surfaces for effects of Ca/P levels (70, 85, 100, 115 and 130% of NRC [1979] estimated requirements) and time (weaning to market) on bone criteria and to compare bending and shear bone testing. Nine replicates, each consisting of five pigs, were used over the three trials. One pig per replicate was slaughtered every 4 wk following the start of the trials. Third metacarpals and metatarsals (3M) and fourth metacarpals and metatarsals (4M) were collected at slaughter; the bone length, bending or shear stress, and dry, fat-free ash percentage (DFF%) were determined. Most bone criteria increased (P less than .01) at a decreasing rate (P less than .05) in response to increasing dietary Ca/P intake and increased linearly (P less than .01) with time on test, although bone length and stress increased at a decreasing rate with time on test. Asymptotic models relating continuous effects of total Ca + P intake ratio (CAP; expressed as a percentage of NRC) and number of days on test before slaughter to bone measurements were fit to least squares slaughter time by diet means. Bone length and DFF% reached 98% maximum at or near 100% the NRC estimated CAP level; however, to reach 98% of maximum bone shear and breaking stress higher CAP levels were required. Shear testing of bones was more desirable than bend testing as a method of determining bone strength due to reduced variability, better discrimination of Ca/P and time effects and ease of calculation.
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PMID:Calcium and phosphorus requirement of swine from weaning to market weight: II. Development of response curves for bone criteria and comparison of bending and shear bone testing. 201 98

Two strains (University of Saskatchewan, white egg and wild type) of mature Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), following a 4-week depletion period, were fed one of four diets varying in supplementary vitamin D3: a) no supplementary vitamin D3, b) National Research Council (NRC, 1977) recommended level of 1,200 IU vitamin D3/kg feed, c) 10 times, NRC levels, and d) 100 times NRC levels for 4 weeks. Egg production, egg weight, number of softshelled eggs, body weight, and feed consumption were not affected by vitamin D3 treatment. Hatchability of the white egg strain was not affected by vitamin D3 treatment. Hatchability in the wild type strain was reduced in those birds consuming diets unsupplemented with vitamin D3 although not significantly. Tibia ash was not affected by vitamin D3 treatment. Progeny from hens receiving no supplemental vitamin D3 were smaller throughout a 5-week growth period; however, feed consumption and percentage tibia ash content were similar to those of progeny from the other treatments. Progeny fed 480 IU vitamin D3/kg feed were larger, had higher tibia ash, and similar feed consumption compared with those fed a diet with no added vitamin D3.
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PMID:Effects of supplementary vitamin D3 on egg production of two strains of Japanese quail and growth of their progeny. 298 86

Alternate feeds are a major resource of the dairy industry. The major issue involving them is a method to predict accurately nutritive value from laboratory analyses. Variation in nutrient content of most alternate feeds is greater than in feed grains. Another issue is which depression factors to use in adjusting values for TDN from maintenance to production intakes. The NRC uses an average depression of 8% for all feeds; others think each feedstuff should be depressed individually, and discount factors have been proposed. For some alternate feeds, large differences in net energy estimates occur. Neutral detergent fiber has been proposed as an indicator of productive energy, but it has several deficiencies with alternate feeds high in fat, molasses, or ash. A summative equation based on fat, ash, protein, NDF, and lignin has wider application for predicting NE1 for all feeds. A roughage value index reflects a feed's property to stimulate chewing and rumination. Its use has special relevance for alternate feeds with small particle sizes, which may induce little chewing. Supplemental fat may increase the metabolizable energy converted to milk, but respiration experiments are needed.
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PMID:Supplying the energy and fiber needs of dairy cows from alternate feed sources. 303 20

The effect of excess amino acids on utilization of the most limiting amino acid was investigated via restricted feeding. Lysine- and threonine-deficient amino acid mixtures were incorporated into diets for young growing rats to provide 75 or 85% of the NRC requirement of the limiting amino acid in combination with zero or 50% of relative excess of the nonlimiting amino acids. The amount of food offered was equalized within treatment groups and increased according to the intake of the group with the lowest rate of consumption. Because of differences in the amount of diet refused, total food intakes were not identical. At equal percentage of the NRC requirement, threonine- and lysine-deficient amino acid mixtures supported equal body weight, dry matter, lipid and ash gains. However, crude protein retention was greater when the threonine-deficient amino acid mixture was fed. The maximum depression in performance due to 50% of amino acid excess with restricted feeding was much less than the maximum decrease previously observed in the ad libitum feeding situation. This supports the conclusion that changes in voluntary food intake are the major effectors of depressed growth due to excess amino acids. These results raise serious concern over the usefulness of amino acid requirements and the applicability of the current system of chemical scores to evaluate protein quality.
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PMID:The effect of amino acid excess on utilization by the rat of the limiting amino acid--lysine and threonine at equalized food intakes. 643 11

Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplemental folic acid in starting broiler chick diets. In the first two experiments, basal diets based on corn and soybean meal contained 10 micrograms/kg vitamin B12 but no supplemental methionine or choline. Chicks showed curvilinear responses to folic acid supplementation with maximum growth and feed efficiencies from 1.45 mg/kg diet. The liver folic acid response was also curvilinear but reached a plateau at 1.70 mg folic acid/kg diet. The basal diet for three additional experiments contained soybean meal that had been washed with methanol to remove most of the choline. The basal diet contained only 750 mg/kg choline. Chicks exhibited a larger growth response to folic acid at low choline levels as evidenced by a significant folic acid by choline interaction. Choline and folic acid both increased tibia length and width. Folic acid supplementation increased but then decreased valgus deformity. Choline chloride supplementation also decreased the incidences of valgus and varus deformities and decreased bone ash, but increased the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. It is concluded that chicks fed practical ingredient-based diets require 1.3 mg folic acid/kg diet with low levels of choline, but only 1.2 mg folic acid/kg when choline is offered near the NRC recommended level of 1,300 mg/kg of choline.
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PMID:The folic acid requirements of starting broiler chicks fed diets based on practical ingredients. 1. Interrelationships with dietary choline. 750 89

Sixty gravid crossbred gilts were allotted to a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: two Ca sources (sun-cured alfalfa meal and CaCO3), three dietary concentrations of Ca (50, 75, and 100% of NRC requirements), and two phases of gestation (55 and 105 d). The objectives were to determine the effect of Ca source, dietary Ca concentration, and gestation phase on bone characteristics (bone breaking strength, bone ash percentage, bone density, and bone ash density in the rib, thoracic, and coccygeal bones), to correlate bone responses to determine relative bone activity, and to determine reliability of the coccygeal bones as indicators of Ca status in the body. At 55 d, rib strength and coccygeal ash content were lower (P < .01) than at 105 d of gestation. A gestation phase x Ca concentration (P < .05) interaction occurred. As Ca concentration increased, thoracic strength and rib ash responded quadratically during each gestation phase, for which at 55 d a minima and at 105 d a maxima was produced at 75% of NRC. A Ca source x Ca concentration (P < .05) interaction occurred. Gilts fed alfalfa had the lowest rib bone and ash density when fed 75% of NRC for Ca, whereas gilts fed CaCO3 were highest at this level of Ca compared with the other concentrations. Generally, all bones were positively correlated with respect to their response to dietary Ca concentration. Few negative correlations were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of calcium source, dietary calcium concentration, and gestation phase on various bone characteristics in gestating gilts. 827 May 21

A study was conducted with gravid gilts to determine the bioavailability of Ca in sun-cured alfalfa meal (AM) and the effect of dietary Ca concentration on bone and blood characteristics during two phases of gestation. Two Ca sources (AM and CaCO3), three dietary concentrations of Ca (50, 75, and 100% of the NRC requirement), and two gestation phases (55 and 105 d) were used in a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial arrangement in a randomized design with five replications (60 gravid gilts). Response criteria were as follows: 1) plasma Ca, P, and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) measured at the onset and at 25-d intervals and 2) metacarpal (MC) and metatarsal (MT) bone breaking strength (kilograms), ash content (percentage), density (grams/cubic centimeter), and ash density (grams of ash/cubic centimeter) at the conclusion of the experiment. Plasma Ca, P, and AKP concentrations were similar between Ca sources. Because the response between Ca sources was similar, the data were pooled among sources. There was a linear decline in plasma P and AKP (P < or = .05) as dietary Ca concentration increased. As gestation progressed from 0 to 100 d, there was a decline (P < .05) in plasma Ca and P. There were no differences in bone breaking strength and ash between Ca sources in either the MC or MT. No differences in bone strength between gestation phases occurred. A gestation phase x dietary Ca concentration interaction (P < .05) was observed for bone ash in both bones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Bioavailability of calcium in sun-cured alfalfa meal and effect of dietary calcium concentration on bone and plasma characteristics during two phases of gestation in gilts. 845 34

Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 18) were bred artificially to the same bull and then slaughtered at times ranging from 190 to 270 d postconception to assess accretion of energy, protein, fat, and ash by the conceptus. Wet weights, dry weights, and concentrations of energy, CP, crude fat, and ash were obtained for the following: fetus, combined amniotic and allantoic fluids, fetal membranes, cotyledons, caruncles, and uterine tissues. Rates of accumulation of these components in the gravid uterus (sum of all uterine contents) and fetus were described by linear or quadratic equations. Estimated rates of accretion of energy in the gravid uterus (i.e., conceptus) increased from 567 kcal/d at 190 d of gestation to 821 kcal/d at 270 d of gestation; corresponding rates of accretion of CP were 62 and 117 g/d. These daily rates represent net energy and protein requirements for conceptus growth during late pregnancy in mature Holstein cows. Conversion of predicted net energy to metabolizable energy requirements for conceptus growth, using the accepted efficiency factor of .14, yielded estimates that were consistent with current NRC recommendations. Factorial estimation of absorbed protein requirements is hampered by lack of precise information on the efficiency with which absorbed AA are deposited in conceptus tissues.
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PMID:Growth and accretion of energy and protein in the gravid uterus during late pregnancy in Holstein cows. 855 Sep 5

Three experiments were conducted with broiler chickens to determine the effect of dietary Ca and P on growth, feed conversion, bone ash, and the incidence of sudden death syndrome (SDS) mortality. Trial 1 tested three rations [100% NRC (1984) Ca and P; 140% NRC Ca and P; and 140% NRC Ca and P to 3 wk and 100% NRC from 4 to 7 wk] in Ross x Ross males to 7 wk of age. Dietary Ca and P had no effect on body weight, feed conversion, bone ash, or leg problems, but SDS mortality was significantly higher in the two groups fed 140% Ca and P for 3 or 7 wk (2.83 and 3.33% SDS mortality, respectively). Trial 2 tested three diets (85% NRC Ca and P, 100% NRC Ca and P, and 140% NRC Ca and P) in mixed sex Arbor Acres x Peterson chicks to 7 wk of age. The lower level of Ca and P (85% NRC) significantly improved feed conversion (7 wk) and decreased bone ash only at 3 wk and serum Ca (7 wk). There was no effect of diet on SDS in this trial. Trial 3 tested two diets (85% NRC Ca and P or 100% NRC Ca and 85% NRC P) in Ross x Ross males to 9 wk of age. Six-week body weight was significantly reduced in the 85% NRC Ca and P diet but body weight was equal by 9 wk of age. No effects were observed for feed conversion, leg disorders, bone ash, or serum Ca. The SDS mortality was significantly increased in the chicks fed the 100% NRC Ca and 85% P diet compared to the 85% NRC Ca treatment. The results of these trials indicate that even slight deviations in dietary Ca and P beyond the NRC recommendations can create a metabolic imbalance in certain strains of broilers (Ross x Ross), which possibly increases susceptibility to SDS mortality.
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PMID:Dietary calcium and phosphorus effects on broiler performance and the incidence of sudden death syndrome mortality. 882 92


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