Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0205700 (ash)
 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Biochemical parameters (dry matter, DNA, protein, cAMP, and calmodulin) were measured in tibial dyschondroplastic (TD) cartilage. This abnormal cartilage, which is a mass of unmineralized, unvascularized cartilage found in the proximal metaphysis of the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, was compared with normal epiphyseal growth plate and hypertrophic cartilage obtained from day-old embryonic cone. The latter tissue is an example of cartilage which rapidly undergoes vascularization and mineralization. When compared with normal growth plate, tibial dyschondroplastic cartilage was found to contain lower amounts of dry matter, DNA, protein, cAMP, and calmodulin. This cartilage did not respond to factors in serum which stimulate 35S uptake. Although the above two types of cartilage contained similar amounts of ash, TD cartilage had less phosphorus and potassium and more sodium than the growth plate. The two types of cartilage had similar lysozyme activity and proteoglycan (hexosamine) content. In many of the parameters measured, day-old hypertrophic cartilage was similar to the normal growth plate. However, these tissues did differ in DNA, protein, ash, and lysozyme content. Substantially greater amounts of ash and lysozyme were found in the hypertrophic cartilage, which appeared to be related to events of mineralization and vascularization of this cartilage. These events did not occur in the abnormal cartilage cells found in the tibial dyschondroplastic lesion.
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PMID:Avian tibial dyschondroplasia. II. Biochemical changes. 399 38

Tissues from sixty-nine cartilage tumors in sixty-six individuals were obtained at the time of operation and each lesion was graded as benign (seventeen) or as a low-grade (thirty-three) or high-grade (nineteen) chondrosarcoma according to histological and roentgenographic criteria. The material obtained was analyzed by biochemical techniques for its content of water, ash, DNA, total protein (composed of collagen and so-called excess protein), and carbohydrate. In addition, proteoglycan subunit was isolated and the chain lengths of chrondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate were determined. Analysis of the data showed that for the most part the tumors differed only quantitatively from articular cartilage controls, with the principal variations noted in water, ash, protein, and collagen content. Sugar concentrations were highly variable, but analysis of the proteoglycan subunit showed a distribution of glycosaminoglycans characteristic of immature articular cartilage. Marked shortening of the keratan sulphate chains was noted without significant alteration in the chain lengths of chondroitin sulphate, The wide variations in pattern suggest that the cartilage tumors are not biochemically homogeneous and therefore probably do not represent a single group of genetic errors.
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PMID:The biology of human chondrosarcoma. I. Description of the cases, grading, and biochemical analyses. 735 48

The pathophysiology of secondary osteoarthritis remains largely obscure. Our attention has been drawn to Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), which has been attributed to Se deficiency. To obtain information regarding the prevention, prediction of progression, and treatment of this condition, we performed histological and biochemical studies on bone and articular cartilage specimens obtained from rats fed a low-Se diet. A low-Se diet was prepared and fed to Wistar rats for 3-11 mo, after which the rats were killed under general anesthesia, and their articular cartilages were studied microscopically and electron microscopically. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur was determined by the microdensitometry method and ash weight. In addition, serum Se, Ca, P, Alk Phos, T3, T4, and urinary Se were measured. In the low-Se group, impaired weight gain was observed from the 5th mo, and head alopecia was found in 60% of the animals. Microscopically, no clear changes in the articular chondrocytes were apparent, whereas with the electron microscope, chondrocytes in the deep layer showed degeneration of nuclei and endoplasmic reticular ballooning. From the 5th mo, a decrease in BMD (ash weight) was noted. Serum Se concentrations, alkaline phosphatase activity, and urine Se concentrations were decreased in the Se-deficient rats, whereas serum Ca, P, T3, and T4 values did not differ from those of a control group. Also, a decrease in sulfotransferase activity, which is involved in transfer in the process of synthesis of glycosaminoglycan, which is a proteoglycan carbohydrate chain, was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Low-selenium diet, bone, and articular cartilage in rats. 770 1

Skeletal problems are common in both young and old poultry and are often related to bone weakness. They affect mortality on the farm and condemnations within processing plant and thus raise both welfare and economic concerns. To understand the basis of bone strength, the metaphyseal histology, composition, and the biomechanical properties of tibiae from 7- and 72-wk-old male and female broiler breeder chickens were compared. The biochemical constituents included ash, collagen, proteoglycan, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), pyridinium crosslinks, and the organic matrix-associated fluorescence. Blood variables were measured to determine the metabolic status of these birds as related to bone physiology. Although there were no differences in blood chemistry of 7-wk-old males and females, there were several differences between young and old birds. The levels of calcium, triglyceride, and iron were higher in older females than in older males. The collagen content was reduced, and the proteoglycan content increased in 72-wk-old hens. The TGF-beta content of bones from 7-wk-old females was higher than that of other groups of birds. Bone strength and stiffness, measured using loads at break and Young's modulus, respectively, were higher in older birds. The presence of medullary bones in 72-wk-old hens did not affect their bone strength, although it reduced strain values and increased Young's modulus. Compared to other groups, the 72-wk-old hens had a higher content of an inorganic matrix. The levels of hydroxylysylpyridinoline (HP) and lysylpyridinoline (LP) and the collagenase-extractable fluorescence of the organic matrix from older birds was higher. The decalcified bone matrix from older birds also showed higher susceptibility to bacterial collagenase than their younger counterparts. Bone strength showed positive correlations with its ash content, density, pyridinium crosslinks, and the fluorescence of the matrix. However, the correlation was strong with both pyridinium crosslinks and the fluorescence of the organic matrix. These results suggest that bone strength is influenced by the content of its collagen crosslinks.
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PMID:Comparative differences in the composition and biomechanical properties of tibiae of seven- and seventy-two-week-old male and female broiler breeder chickens. 1047 52

In the present work we examined the effect of teriparatide administration following bisphosphonate treatment on bone compositional properties by Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging (FTIR) microspectroscopic analysis. Thirty two paired iliac crest biopsies (before and after 1 year teriparatide) from sixteen osteoporotic women previously treated with either Alendronate (ALN) or Risedronate (RIS) and subsequently treated 12 months with teriparatide (TPTD) were analyzed at anatomical areas of similar tissue age in bone forming areas (within the fluorescent double labels). The outcomes that were monitored and reported were mineral to matrix ratio (corresponding to ash weight), mineral maturity (indicative of the mineral crystallite chemistry and stoichiometry, and having a direct bearing on crystallite shape and size), relative proteoglycan content (regulating mineralization commencement), and the ratio of two of the major enzymatic collagen cross-links (pyridinoline/divalent). Significant differences in mineral/matrix, mineral maturity/crystallinity, and collagen cross-link ratio bone quality indices after TPTD treatment were observed, indicating a specific response of these patients to TPTD treatment. Moreover differences between ALN and RIS treated patients at baseline in the collagen cross-link ratio were observed. Since tissue areas of similar tissue age were analyzed, these differences may not be attributed to differences in bone turnover.
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PMID:Effects of one year daily teriparatide treatment on trabecular bone material properties in postmenopausal osteoporotic women previously treated with alendronate or risedronate. 2189 25

We used Raman and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) analysis to examine the intrinsic bone material properties at actively bone-forming trabecular surfaces in iliac crest biopsies from women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) who were treated with either alendronate (ALN) or risedronate (RIS). At eight study sites, women were identified who had postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO), were at least 5 years postmenopause, and had been on long-term therapy (either 3-5 years or >5 years) with daily or weekly ALN or RIS. Following standard tetracycline labeling, biopsies were collected from 102 women (33 treated with ALN for 3-5 years [ALN-3], 35 with ALN for >5 years [ALN-5], 26 with RIS for 3-5 years [RIS-3], and 8 with RIS for >5 years [RIS-5]) and were analyzed at anatomical areas of similar tissue age in bone-forming areas (within the fluorescent double labels). The following outcomes were monitored and reported: mineral to matrix ratio (corresponding to ash weight), relative proteoglycan content (regulating mineralization commencement), mineral maturity (indicative of the mineral crystallite chemistry and stoichiometry, and having a direct bearing on crystallite shape and size), and the ratio of two of the major enzymatic collagen cross-links (pyridinoline/divalent). In RIS-5 there was a significant decrease in the relative proteoglycan content (-5.83% compared to ALN-5), while in both RIS-3 and RIS-5 there was significantly lower mineral maturity/crystallinity (-6.78% and -13.68% versus ALN-3 and ALN-5, respectively), and pyridinoline/divalent collagen cross-link ratio (-23.09% and -41.85% versus ALN-3 and ALN-5, respectively). The results of the present study indicate that ALN and RIS exert differential effects on the intrinsic bone material properties at actively bone-forming trabecular surfaces.
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PMID:Effects of alendronate and risedronate on bone material properties in actively forming trabecular bone surfaces. 2233 62