Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0205700 (ash)
 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In female rats, pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile [PCN (a known microsomal enzyme inducer)] augmented liver weight and significantly increased hepatic protein, total lipid, phospholipid and ATP concentrations. These changes were correlated with hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme induction. PCN did not alter body weight, or water, ash, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the liver, but caused a mild reduction of hepatic glycogen.
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PMID:Effect of pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile on the rat liver. 94 84

Combined bottom and fly ash obtained from a Chicago, IL, municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) was extracted with organic solvents, water or acidified water. The mean amounts of organic material isolated from each extraction procedure were 688.2, 91.8 and 167.7 micrograms/g MSWI ash. These extracts were evaluated for toxicity and mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. We developed and calibrated a micropreincubation assay to evaluate small concentrations of the organic extracts. No direct-acting mutagens were found, however the acid-treated aqueous extracts were toxic. Materials isolated with methylene chloride methanol were mutagenic after hepatic microsomal activation (S9). The mutagenic potencies of the organic extract normalized to a per gram ash basis was the induction of 103.46 revertants in TA98 and 247.5 revertants in TA100. The aqueous extracts were neither toxic nor mutagenic. However, the acid-treated aqueous extract was mutagenic to TA100. The organic material isolated from the acidic extract had an induced mutagenic potency of 44.2 revertants/mg extract. Normalizing these data indicate a mutagenic potency of 7.4 revertants/g MSWI ash leached.
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PMID:Analysis of the genotoxicity of municipal solid waste incinerator ash. 153 27

Incineration of municipal solid waste results in the production of millions of tons of ash that may be typically high in heavy metals such as cadmium. Disposal of such ash in landfills capped with soil could lead to absorption of such metals by plants and deposition in foraging animal tissues. In this study, weanling, male mice were fed swiss chard that was grown on soil amended with 10% w/w municipal incinerator refuse ash. Cadmium was taken up by the swiss chard (8.15 ppm, dry wt). The mice fed diets containing 25% of ash-grown chard showed mean kidney and liver concentrations of cadmium (ppm, dry wt), respectively, of 2.80 +/- 0.30 and 0.45 +/- 0.03. Control mice fed soil-grown chard showed significantly lower kidney and liver concentrations of cadmium, i.e. 0.39 +/- 0.02 and 0.05 +/- 0.00 ppm. Since refuse incinerator ashes may contain various organic toxicants that can be hepatic microsomal inducers, the relative liver weights and hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase and p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activities of mice fed control or ash-grown chard were measured. No consistent increases in these latter parameters were found in the ash-grown chard fed mice as compared with the control animals.
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PMID:Cadmium deposition and hepatic microsomal activity in mice fed Swiss chard grown on municipal incinerator refuse ash. 236 36

Halogenated aromatic industrial compounds, typified by the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs) have been identified as residues in almost every component of the global ecosystem. Risk assessment of the complex mixtures of halogenated aromatics found in environmental samples is complicated by analytical problems and the lack of toxicological information on individual compounds and mixtures. Research in our laboratory has focused on the development and vadidation of the in vitro aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) induction assay in rat hepatoma H-4-II E cells in culture for quantitating individual toxic halogenated aryl hydrocarbons and their mixtures. For several PCB, PCDD, PCDF congeners, their mixed bromo/chloro analogs and reconstituted mixtures there was an excellent linear correlation between their -log ED50 values for AHH induction in rat hepatoma cells and their -log ED50 values for in vivo hepatic microsomal AHH induction, inhibition of body weight gain and thymic atrophy in the rat. It has also been shown for selected compounds that there was a good correlation between their in vitro AHH induction potencies and their effects in guinea pigs (AHH induction, inhibition of body weight gain) and mice (immunotoxicity). This assay system has been utilized to quantitative the "2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents" present in extracts from diverse sources including fly ash from a municipal incinerator and pyrolyzed brominated flame retardants which contain a complex mixture of halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans.
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PMID:Development and validation of in vitro induction assays for toxic halogenated aromatic mixtures: a review. 268 22

Owing to unsightliness and the threat of groundwater pollution, landfilling of municipal solid waste (MSW) is giving way to incineration in many communities. Environmental contamination from particulate and gaseous emissions containing heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), polycyclic aromatics (PCA), acids and other compounds from such incinerators, as well as safe ash disposal, are of great concern. Concentration ranges of elements and organic toxicants in incinerator ashes, emissions and cooling waters are given. The literature is reviewed concerning the effects of incinerator operating parameters on emissions. Incinerators equipped with modern pollution control devices (electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, dry scrubbers, spray towers) and operated at optimum temperature with sufficient oxygen, turbulence (mixing) and residence time for complete combustion appear to minimize ash, elemental, gaseous and organic emissions. Environmental aspects of MSW incineration are considered and reviewed. The presence of metals and organics in incinerator quench water and in leachates from ash disposed in landfills are reviewed, as well as their toxicity to fish. The behavior and effects of atmospheric emissions in soils and plants are discussed. Research on the effect of ash-derived PCDD and PCDF on hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase activity and the immune system in laboratory animals is cited. The presence of metals, organics and mutagens in the incinerator workplace air and the possible effects of air-borne contaminants on inhabitants nearby is reviewed. Several studies dealing with human risk assessment of MSW incineration are cited.
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PMID:Environmental implications of incineration of municipal solid waste and ash disposal. 306 38

The effects of intratracheal administration of fly ash (50 mg/kg body weight, daily for 7 days) on hepatic microsomal phospholipid metabolism has been studied in rats using various phospholipid precursors, viz NaH2(32)PO4, (methyl-14C)-choline, and (methyl-14C)-methionine. Fly ash administration significantly increased microsomal phosphatidylcholine (PC), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). The incorporation of NaH2(32)PO4 into total liver phospholipids, PC and Phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) was significantly increased in fly ash-treated rats as compared to the control. Fly ash administration also increased the incorporation of (methyl-14C)-choline into microsomal PC. Incorporation of (methyl-14C)-methionine into microsomal PC was not affected. Fly ash administration decreased the per cent distribution of arachidonic acid in PC and PE and increased that of oleic acid in PC and of linoleic acid in PE.
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PMID:Hepatic microsomal phospholipids in rats exposed intratracheally to coal fly ash. 375 34

The effect of intratracheal administration of fly ash has been studied on lung microsomal and lung surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism in rats using [methyl-14C]choline and [methyl-14C]methionine. Fly-ash administration significantly increased total phospholipids, PC, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) of lung surfactant. Fly-ash administration stimulated the formation of lung microsomal PC (as measured by the incorporation of labeled precursors) both by the cytidine 5'-diphosphate (CDP)-choline pathway and by the N-methylation pathway, but this stimulation was fourfold higher in the latter case and only twofold higher in the former as compared to the control. Likewise, the secretion of PC formed by the N-methylation pathway was sixfold higher as compared to the control whereas secretion of PC formed by the CDP-choline pathway was only threefold higher as compared to the control. Fly-ash administration further increased total saturation and decreased unsaturation in PC, PE, and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) of lung and in PC, PE, LPC, and PG of lung surfactant as compared to the controls.
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PMID:Phosphatidylcholine metabolism in lung microsomes and lung surfactant of rats exposed intratracheally to coal fly ash. 375 6

The presence of mutagenic nitro-organic compounds on coal fly ash was indicated by the greatly reduced microbial mutagenicity of the ash filtrates with nitroreductase-deficient strains of Salmonella typhimurium compared to their corresponding parental strains. Addition of the liver S-9 microsomal enzyme preparation significantly increased the mutagenic activities of the ash extracts. Extracts of fly ash mutagens were prepared with horse serum, dimethyl sulfoxide, or azeotropic benzene/methanol mixture. The data were normalized to net revertants per 10(8) Salmonella typhimurium cells per milligram of ash used. This normalization procedure is essential for interpretation of comparative results. Both four-way and three-way analyses of variance were used to simultaneously evaluate the differences between solvent extracts, fly ash mutagen, S-9 activation, and nitroreductase-deficient strains and their parental strains. Of the three extraction systems tested, benzene/methanol azeotropic mixture was generally found to have the highest extraction power, and horse serum was the lowest. The results show that overall 87.5% (+/- 1.8 SE) of the mutagenic activity of the fly ash was associated with nitro-organic compounds.
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PMID:Microbial detection of mutagenic nitro-organic compounds in filtrates of coal fly ash. 704 59

The Canadian Wildlife Service monitors levels of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in great blue heron (Ardea herodias) eggs in British Columbia as indicators of environmental contamination. The present project assessed the temporal effects of environmental contamination with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) on hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities and several morphological parameters in heron hatchlings. Between 1990 and 1992, eggs were collected from two great blue heron colonies in British Columbia that had elevated levels of contamination in 1988: Vancouver in 1990 and 1992, and Crofton in 1991. Biological parameters in the hatchlings and chemical contaminant levels in matched eggs from the same clutch were measured and compared with the findings from the same colonies studied in 1988. Levels of TCDD and other PCDDs and PCDFs had decreased significantly in both colonies since 1988. A concomitant decrease in EROD activity and incidence of chick edema, increase in body weight, and improvement of the reproductive success of the Crofton colony was observed. Body, yolk-free body, stomach, and intestine weights, tibia wet, dry, and ash weights, and tibia length regressed negatively on TCDD level (p < .01; n = 54). Hepatic EROD activity regressed positively on TCDD level (r2 = .49; p = .00005; n = 54). Regression of these parameters on the sum of TCDD toxic equivalents (TEQ) resulted in similar relationships. The reduction in severity of the effects observed in the contaminated colonies in the recent collections, accompanied by the declines in levels of PCDDs and PCDFs, was consistent with the dose-response relationships determined in 1988.
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PMID:Monitoring biological effects of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in great blue heron chicks (Ardea herodias) in British Columbia. 814 84

Triplicate aqueous leachates of a municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) were produced according to a European standardised method. Leachates analysis showed relatively low concentrations (less than 1 mg.l(-1)) for four metals (iron, cadmium, lead and copper). No mutagenic activity was revealed after performing the Salmonella/microsome assay with and without microsomal activation. With the Vicia root tip micronucleus assay, a significant increase in micronucleated cells was observed between 3.4% and 100% leachate concentration. Significant and elevated antioxidant stress enzyme activities, e.g., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (PER) and glutathione reductase (GR), were detected in Vicia root tissues even at the lowest tested leachate concentration (i.e., 0.3%), whereas this was not always the case in leaf tissues, which showed tissue specificity for the tested enzymes. At the lowest concentration (i.e., 0.3%), a higher increase was observed (respectively 197% and 45% compared to the control) for root glutathione reductase and peroxidase activities over those of other enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase). Our results suggest that MSWIBA aqueous leachates need to be formally tested with genotoxic sensitive tests before recycling and support the hypothesis that plant genotoxicity is related to the cellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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PMID:Evaluation of the genotoxic, mutagenic and oxidant stress potentials of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash leachates. 1536 30


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