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 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The absorptive properties of Baralyme and Sodasorb for CO2 in a container were studied by measuring the lifetime T0.5 of the unit, i.e., the time until the exit concentration of CO2 reaches 0.5%. The container size, the inlet gas flow rate, and the inlet CO2 concentration were varied. The experiments were repeated with either He, N2, or SF6 as the inert gas to evaluate the effect of increased gas density due to hyperbaric conditions on scrubber performance. It was found that T0.5 is best described by an exponential function of the type b (ttr)a, where ttr is the transit time of the gas through the container. The exponent a equals about 1.5 and varies relatively little. The constant b, however, is strongly dependent on inert gas density and on CO2 concentration in the inlet gas; it is independent of container size and gas flow rate. In addition, the amount of absorber reaching up to time T0.5 was measured in all conditions. It is strongly dependent on CO2 concentration; however, surprisingly it is nearly independent of inert gas properties. These results are compared with a mathematical model of scrubber behavior that is based on the chemical reaction rate of an imaginary absorber. The model neglects possible effects of CO2 diffusion in the gas phase, of ash formation, and of heat produced by the reaction. Differences between our experimental data and the model are analyzed as a function of these effects. The results give some simple predictive equations for the lifetime and the amount of absorber reacting.
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PMID:CO2 binding by Baralyme in three different carrier gases. 795 Aug 7

The CO2 laser is a precision surgical laser because of its high degree of absorption in soft tissue with limited lateral damage. The tissue, which absorbs the CO2 laser energy, and has a high water content, will be converted to vapor with a small residue of ash and a by-product of heat. The laser can only be effective if these by-products, i.e. vapors, heat, and carbon ash residue, are not injurious and are well tolerated by the joint. These by-products must be either reabsorbed by the synovium or remain as a nonviable substance in the joint. From April 1989 through April 1990, 40 patients underwent 43 operative arthroscopies of the knee using the Pfizer CO2 laser. All procedures were chondroplasties, synovectomies, and/or meniscectomies. All accessible CO2 carbon ash residue was removed from the joint after the procedures using an intraarticular shaver and hand rasp. Postoperatively there were no cases of hemorrhagic effusions, subcutaneous emphysema, or synovitis. Histologic examinations performed on 10 patients undergoing subsequent surgery showed no evidence of carbon ash residue or synovitis seen grossly or microscopically. The carbon ash residue is not noxious to the joint and is completely removed from the joint, presumably by the synovial response.
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PMID:The synovial response after CO2 laser arthroscopy of the knee. 828 Mar 30

Synchronized populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 426 are characterized by autonomous oscillations of process variables. CO2 evolution rate, O2 uptake rate and heat production rate varied by a factor of 2 for a continuous culture grown at a dilution rate of 0.10 h-1. Elemental analysis showed that the carbon mass fraction of biomass did not change. Since the reactor is not at steady state, the elemental and energy balances were calculated on cumulated quantities, i.e. the integral of the reaction rates. It was possible to show that carbon, degree of reduction and energy balances matched. Application of simple mass balance principles for non-steady state systems indicated that oscillations were basically characterized by changes in biomass production rate. In addition, the amount of intermediates, e.g. ethanol or acetate, produced or consumed was negligible. Growth rate was low during the S-phase (0.075 h-1) and high during the G2, M and G1 phases (0.125 h-1) for a constant dilution rate of 0.10 h-1. However, nitrogen, ash, sulfur and potassium content showed systematic increases during the S-phase (bud initiation). Cell component analyses showed that changes in cellular fractions during oscillations (storage carbohydrate content decreased during the S-phase) were due to changes in production rates, particularly for protein and carbohydrates. Nevertheless, using the data evaluation techniques for dynamic systems presented here, it was shown that storage carbohydrates are not consumed during the S-phase. Only the synthesis rate of the different cell components changed depending on position in cell cycle. The growth process may be divided into two phenomena: the formation of new cells during mitosis with a low yield, and size increase of new born cells with high yield. Both kinetic and stoichiometric coefficients varied with the position in the oscillation: the results showed that biomass structure changed and that specific growth rate, as well as biomass yield, varied by +/- 25% during the oscillation.
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PMID:Physiology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during cell cycle oscillations. 898 29

Using adsorption data, we get formulas for the calculation of fractal dimensions: log[A CO2 (DP) /A N2 (BET) ] = -5.3984(2 - D 1 )/2 and log[A CO2 (BET) /A N2 (BET) ] = -4.9569(2 - D 2 )/2. The fractal dimensions (D ) of 27 coals and 2 cokes have been obtained. The D of coals decreased with the increase of fa and reached a maximum at H/C equal to 0.66 (or C daf about 86%). The fractal dimension is relative to ash and volatiles of coal: D = 2.2237 + 0.6249V daf + 0.8863A d . The relationship between D of coal coke and its conversions (X ) obeys the following equation: D = a exp(-bX ) + c .
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PMID:Fractal Dimensions of Coals and Cokes 924 Nov 78

A comparison among modified and unmodified supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), enhanced-fluidity liquid extraction, and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) techniques was made for the extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from an aged, spiked lignite coal fly ash. All of the attempted extraction conditions allowed the extraction of the PAHs to some degree, but no single extraction technique proved to be superior for all of the PAHs used. Three groups of PAHs with similar extraction efficiencies were identified. The group with the lowest molecular weights was best recovered using a 90% CO2-10% methanol mixture at 70 degrees C and 238 atm. The group of medium-molecular-weight PAHs was recovered equally well using any of three extraction conditions: SFE (100% CO2, 90 degrees C, and 238 atm), enhanced-fluidity liquid mixture (60% CO2-40% methanol, 70 degrees C, and 238 atm), and a methanol ASE mixture. The group of high-molecular-weight PAHs seemed to be equally well recovered with all of the attempted extraction conditions, but the enhanced-fluidity conditions (60% CO2-40% methanol, 70 degrees C, and 238 atm) had extraction recoveries (> 85%) with the lowest standard deviations (approximately 5%).
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PMID:Extraction of lignite coal fly ash for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: modified and unmodified supercritical fluid extraction, enhanced-fluidity solvents, and accelerated solvent extraction. 948 69

A novel technique that can be used for reacting toxic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from power plants and other combustion wastes with sea water is described. A chemical interaction between CO2 and the cations in sea water, with the pH electrolytically regulated, can precipitate almost all the calcium and magnesium ions, as well as some sodium and potassium ions, as carbonates and bicarbonates. The carbonates and bicarbonates thus prepared can then be mixed with ash to yield a building material. Sulfur ions will be neutralized with calcium and magnesium, and the remaining ions can be removed using reverse osmosis or some other method. The technology and equipment for purification are based on modules that can be used for industrial waste-water, sea water, solutions, and otherwise. The module for separation of sand and suspended coarse substances consists of a tank for flocculation, coagulation, and precipitation of solid particles; and a low-pressure hydrocyclone. The module for purification from oil and fine suspensions is based on column flotation, flotation with a special ejector, and adhesion flotation. The module for ions and colloids consists of an absorbing filter with zeolite, fly ash, and other absorbing materials. Using a laboratory model consisting of a special mini-plant, we processed 10 L of factory-waste water containing more than 20 g/L organic content (compare with the upper limit of 0.02 g/L allowed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection in Israel). After the experimental solution was treated and evaporated to a small bulk, the water obtained was almost clear. On the basis of the results in the model, we present a scaled-up process for the design, development, and production of equipment for and the assembly of a large installation for drainage and water purification.
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PMID:A multi-purpose system for water purification and sea-water softening. 998 15

The dynamics of C and N in terrestrial ecosystems are not completely understood and the use of stable isotopes may be useful to gain further insight in the pathways of CO2 emissions and leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) during decomposition of litter. Objectives were (i) to study the decomposition dynamics of Calamagrostis epigeios, a common grass species in forests, using 13C-depleted and 15N-enriched plants and (ii) to quantify the effect wood ash addition on the decomposition and leaching of DOC and DON. Decomposition was studied for 128 days under aerobic conditions at 8 degrees C and moisture close to field capacity in a spodic dystric Cambisol with mor-moder layer. Variants included control plots and additions of (i) Calamagrostis litter and (ii) Calamagrostis litter plus 4 kg ash m-2. (i) Decomposition of Calamagrostis resulted in a CO2 production of 76.2 g CO2-C m-2 (10% of added C) after 128 days and cumulative DOC production was 14.0 g C m-2 out of which 0.9 g C m-2 was Calamagrostis-derived (0.1% of added C). The specific CO2 formation and specific DOC production from Calamagrostis were 6 times higher (CO2) and 4 times smaller (DOC) than those from the organic layer. The amount of Calamagrostis-derived total N (NH4+, NO3-, DON) leached was 0.7 g N m-2 (4.8% of added N). Cumulative DON production was 0.8 g N m-2 which was slightly higher than for the control. During soil passage, much of the DOC and DON was removed due to sorption or decomposition. DOC and DON releases from the mineral soil (17 cm depth) were 6.3 g C m-2 and 0.5 g N m-2. (ii) Addition of ash resulted in a complete fixing of CO2 for 40 days due to carbonatisation. Afterwards, the CO2 production rates were similar to the variant without ash addition. Production of DOC (98.6 g C m-2) and DON (2.5 g N m-2) was marked, mainly owing to humus decay. However, Calamagrostis-derived DOC and Calamagrostis-derived total N were only 3.9 g C m-2 (0.5% of added C) and 0.5 g N m-2 (3.4% of added N). The specific DOC production rate from the organic layer was 6 times higher than that from Calamagrostis. The results suggest that with increasing humification from fresh plant residues to more decomposed material (OF and OH layers) the production ratio of DOC/CO2-C increases. Addition of alkaline substances to the forest floor can lead to a manifold increase in DOC production.
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PMID:Use of 13C and 15N mass spectrometry to study the decomposition of Calamagrostis epigeios in soil column experiments with and without ash additions. 1102 25

Our objective was to examine the effects of two diets with different cation-anion differences on Ca requirements in the growing calf. Holstein calves (n = 48, 24 males) were blocked at 56 to 70 d after birth (80+/-10 kg of body weight) according to sex and birth date and assigned randomly in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments containing cation-anion differences as meq (Na + K) - (Cl + S)/kg of diet dry matter and Ca content of 1) 0 and 0.35%, 2) 0 and 0.50%, 3) 0 and 0.65%, 4) 200 and 0.35%, 5) 200 and 0.50%, and 6) 200 and 0.65%. Feed intake and average daily gain did not differ among treatment groups. Plasma pH and Ca were unaffected by dietary Ca content or dietary cation-anion difference. Plasma Cl and P decreased linearly with increasing Ca content in the diet. Plasma HCO3 increased linearly with increased dietary Ca content. Plasma HCO3 and partial pressure of CO2 were higher in calves fed the 200 compared with calves fed the 0 cation-anion difference diets. Plasma Cl was, however, lower in calves fed the 200 compared with calves fed the 0 meq diets. An interaction of Ca content and dietary cation-anion difference was detected for plasma P content. Urinary pH increased linearly with increasing dietary Ca content. Calves fed the 200 meq dietary cation-anion difference had higher urinary pH values than those fed the 0 meq diet. Urinary P excretion was not altered by dietary cation-anion difference or Ca content of the diet. Calves fed the 0 meq diet had higher urinary cocnentrations of Ca and Cl when compared with those fed the 200 meq diet. Bone ash, P, Ca, Mg, and K content of the 10th rib were not affected by dietary treatments. Breaking strength of the seventh and ninth ribs increased quadratically with increasing dietary Ca content. Dietary cation-anion difference had no effect on the breaking strength of the seventh and ninth ribs. Varying the dietary cation-anion difference from 0 to 200 meq/kg of dietary dry matter had no effect on Ca requirement of the growing calf.
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PMID:The effect of cation-anion difference on calcium requirement, feed intake, body weight gain, and blood gasses and mineral concentrations of dairy calves. 1121 27

Thermal treatment of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on a magnesium silicate-based model fly ash in the temperature range between 250 degrees C and 400 degrees C leads predominantly to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The fraction of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol which is oxidized to CO and CO2 increases from 3% at 250 degrees C to 75% at 400 degrees C. Further products are polychlorinated benzenes, dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and phenols. The homologue and isomer patterns of the chlorobenzenes suggest chlorination in the ipso-position of the trichlorophenol. The formation of PCDD from 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol on municipal solid waste incinerator fly ashes and model fly ash were compared and the reaction order calculated.
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PMID:Reactions of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on model fly ash: oxidation to CO and CO2, condensation to PCDD/F and conversion into related compounds. 1121 96

We measured gas exchange and various leaf parameters of ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) in the high canopy and of lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) in the lower canopy of a planted, 120-year-old floodplain forest in southern Moravia, Czech Republic. The high-canopy leaves of F. angustifolia and Q. robur had nitrogen concentrations on a leaf area basis (N(area)) that were twice those of low-canopy leaves of T. cordata. Upper-canopy leaves of F. angustifolia had a photosynthetic rate at light saturation (A(max)) of about 16 micromol CO2 m(-2) s(-1), whereas A(max) of the upper-canopy foliage of Q. robur achieved only about two thirds of this value. Contrary to previous investigations of photosynthetic performance in monospecific stands, leaves of the uppermost branches of T. cordata at 15-m height had the highest A(max) and transpiration rate among the species studied. Water-use efficiency (WUE) was low in T. cordata at 15-m canopy height, whereas WUE was significantly higher for Q. robur leaves at 27-m height than for the other species. Leaves of T. cordata at 15-m height showed the strongest relationship between A(max) and N(area) (R2 = 0.90) followed by F. angustifolia (R2 = 0.69). The strong correlation between photosynthesis and nitrogen concentration in T. cordata at 15 m, together with the steep regression slope for the A(max):N(area) relationship, indicated that nitrogen allocation to the photosynthetic apparatus resulted in high nitrogen-use efficiency of light-saturated photosynthesis (PNUE). Despite differences in PNUE among species, PNUE was fairly constant for leaves sampled from the same canopy position, suggesting that single-leaf parameters are matched to optimize PNUE for prevailing light conditions. High PNUE in T. cordata at 15 m partially compensated for the species' subordinate position in the canopy, and may be an important mechanism for its coexistence in highly structured vegetation.
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PMID:Photosynthetic capacity in relation to nitrogen in the canopy of a Quercus robur, Fraxinus angustifolia and Tilia cordata flood plain forest. 1130 57


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