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Query: UMLS:C0205700 (ash)
 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cadmium metabolism in the young and in conditions of dietary contamination with ash from coal gasification were investigated. The experiments were performed in adult rats which received ash in the diet (5%) and/or cadmium in drinking water (100 ppm) over a period of five weeks and in sucklings whose mothers were given the same treatment throughout pregnancy and lactation. In pharmacokinetic studies, (115m)Cd was administered orally or intraperitoneally to determine the intestinal absorption, retention, and distribution. Cadmium toxicity (LD(50)) was determined in different age groups of animals treated with ash for five weeks before a single oral or intraperitoneal administration of cadmium chloride. After intraperitoneal administration, (115m)Cd body retention decreased with age and was independent of the dietary treatment. Sucklings had a higher retention in the blood, carcass, and gut than adults. After oral administration, sucklings had a much higher body retention than adults regardless of the dietary treatment of their mothers. Cadmium toxicity was also independent of the dietary treatment. Most striking was a very high oral toxicity of cadmium in sucklings. It is concluded that the young might be at a special risk at the same level of environmental cadmium exposure because of the high oral cadmium toxicity at this age which is most probably due to a high cadmium retention in the gut. It is also concluded that the mixture of elements contained in ash is not likely to influence cadmium metabolism and toxicity in conditions of dietary exposure.
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PMID:Influence of some factors on cadmium pharmacokinetics and toxicity. 48 53

1. The effect of the osteolathyrogen aminoacetonitrile (AAN) on plasma calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase, on bone, on growth rates, on absorption of calcium and phosphate in the gut and on their urinary excretion, has been examined in rats. 2. AAN caused a general deterioration in the health of the rat and reduced its rate of growth. 3. AAN reduced plasma calcium and increased plasma alkaline phosphatase but did not affect plasma phosphate. 4. AAN caused obvious deformity of the long bones with large exostoses. The femurs of the lathyritic rats had an increased fat-free weight and increased fat-free weight to ash weight ratio. 5. AAN increased true and apparent absorption of calcium but did not consistently affect urinary excretion of phosphate or apparent absorption of phosphate. 6. AAN did not produce a significant reduction in the plasma calcium of parathyroidectomized or thyroparathyroidectomized rats. 7. Absorption of calcium from ligated jejunal loops was increased in AAN-treated parathyroidectomized rats. 8. In some experiments parathyroidectomy or thyroparathyroidectomy protected the bones from the effect of AAN.
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PMID:The effect of aminoacetonitrile on calcium metabolism and bone in the rat. 99 26

Glucocorticoids may induce osteopenia in experimental animals and in man. In order to study the possible effects of vitamin D metabolites in the prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia in rats, we administered 1 alpha(OH)-vitamin D3, 24,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 or a combination of both metabolites, by intragastric intubation, to rats treated daily by intramuscular injections of 10 mg/kg cortisone acetate. Treatment with the vitamin D metabolites started after 1 month of glucocorticoid therapy, at the time osteopenia was already present. Cortisone acetate decreased the gain weight, increased alkaline phosphatase (AP) and decreased Ca serum levels. It also decreased tibial wet and ash weight and tibial Ca content. Computerized histomorphometry of sections from the upper tibia showed decreased epiphyseal bone volume and increased bone marrow volume; decreased height of hypertrophic cartilage in the growth plate and decreased amount of persisting cartilage in the metaphyseal bone trabeculae were also observed. Administration of 24,25(OH)2D3 alone did not reduce these glucocorticoid-induced bone changes and sometimes even worsened them. 1 alpha(OH)D3 reversed many of the deleterious effects of cortisone acetate. It reduced serum AP levels, increased serum Ca levels, increased bone ash weight, epiphyseal and metaphyseal bone volume, with a concomitant reduction in epiphyseal and metaphyseal bone marrow volume. The best results were obtained by a combination of 1 alpha(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3. It is presumed that both metabolites are needed to reduce the impact of glucocorticoids on bone. 1 alpha(OH)2D3 acts on the gut, increasing Ca absorption (which was decreased by glucocorticoids), and 24,25(OH)2D3 directly acts on bone to enhance bone formation and mineralization.
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PMID:Effects of 1 alpha(OH)-vitamin D3 and 24,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 on long bones of glucocorticoid-treated rats. 141 14

The composition of carcass and noncarcass tissue growth was quantified by serial slaughter of 26 Angus x Hereford crossbred steers (initial age and weight 289 +/- 4 d and 245 +/- 4 kg) during continuous growth (CON) or compensatory growth (CG) after a period of growth restriction (.4 kg/d) from 245 to 325 kg BW. All steers were fed a 70% concentrate diet at ad libitum or restricted levels. Homogenized samples of 9-10-11th rib and noncarcass tissues were analyzed for nitrogen, fat, ash, and moisture. Growth rate from 325 to 500 kg BW was 1.54 and 1.16 kg/d for CG and CON steers. The weight of gut fill in CG steers was 10.8 kg less (P less than .05) before realimentation and 8.8 kg more (P less than .10) at 500 kg BW than in CON steers. The allometric accretive rates for carcass chemical components relative to the empty body were not affected by treatment. However, the accretive rates for CG steers were greater (P less than .01) for noncarcass protein (.821 vs .265), noncarcass water (.861 vs .507), and empty-body protein (.835 vs. .601) than for CON steers. Final empty-body fat was lower (P less than .001; 24.2 vs 32.4%) and empty-body protein higher (P less than .001; 16.6 vs 14.8%) in CG steers than in CON steers. Consequently, net energy requirements for growth (NEg) were approximately 18% lower for CG steers. We conclude that reduced NEg requirements and changes in gut fill accounted for most of the compensatory growth response exhibited in these steers.
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PMID:Physical and chemical components of the empty body during compensatory growth in beef steers. 189 61

Energy retention was compared in Holstein steers fed either alfalfa or orchardgrass silages for 164 d at either 65 or 90 g DM/kg.75 BW daily in a 2 x 2 factorial. Energy retention was estimated by slaughter-balance using an initial kill of eight steers at 216 kg and a final kill of eight steers per treatment at 326 kg. The ADG was not affected (P greater than .05) by silage, but steers fed alfalfa gained less (P less than .001) gut fill (they lost gut fill) and gained more (P less than .001) of the following than steers fed orchardgrass: empty body, 23%; fat, 50%; fat-free matter, 18%; protein, 16%; water, 17%; ash, 43%; gross energy, 31%; and carbon, 38%. With retained energy at 1.15 Mcal/d, retained energy was equally distributed between fat and protein. Increments of daily retained energy greater than 1.15 Mcal were deposited as 76% to fat and 24% to protein; this distribution was not affected by silage. The energy requirement for maintenance, with BW adjusted to equal gut fill, was not different (P greater than .05) at 130 kcal ME/kg.75 BW for steers fed alfalfa vs 125 for steers fed orchardgrass. Although not significant (P greater than .05), retained energy/ME intake above maintenance was 13% greater for steers fed alfalfa (.261) than for steers fed orchardgrass (.230), which supports the difference observed by calorimetry. The difference in dietary protein (25.6 vs 20.5%) did not contribute to the difference in energy retention because the differences in fat and protein retention could be explained totally by differences in daily energy deposition. The higher NDF of orchardgrass, or other fiber components, seems to be the most probable cause of its somewhat lower partial energetic efficiency relative to alfalfa.
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PMID:Energy components of growth in Holstein steers fed formaldehyde- and formic acid-treated alfalfa or orchardgrass silages at equalized intakes of dry matter. 217 44

Experiments were conducted with young chicks to investigate the mechanism by which various feed ingredients reduce the bioavailability of inorganic Mn. Although corn, soybean meal (SBM), fish meal (FM), wheat bran (WB), and rice bran (RB) contain significant quantities of Mn, these feed ingredients when added to a casein-dextrose diet have been shown to reduce Mn deposition in key tissues (i.e., bone, pancreas, and gallbladder). Studies reported herein indicate that reduction in tissue Mn concentration due to feed ingredient supplementation resulted from reduced Mn absorption, rather than from enhanced Mn excretion. Feedstuffs exerted their effect primarily at the gut level, although some Mn binding may also have occurred in body fluids. Fractionation of each feed ingredient indicated that the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) fraction of WB and a corn-SBM mixture accounted for virtually all of the Mn-binding capabilities of these ingredients. In contrast, ash fraction was responsible for tissue Mn-lowering capabilities of FM. Both NDF and ash fractions of RB significantly lowered tissue Mn concentrations, but not to the same extent as that caused by RB itself. A significant portion (11 to 27%) of the total quantity of copper was found in the NDF fraction of all feed ingredients. Over 12% of the magnesium and iron in FM was contained in the NDF fraction, while 20% of the magnesium in WB and 15% of the iron in RB was likewise present in the NDF fraction. Very little K, Zn, or Mn was associated with the NDF fraction of any feed ingredients. All Ca in WB but less than 1% of Ca in RB were present in the NDF.
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PMID:Mechanism of the tissue manganese-lowering effect of corn, soybean meal, fish meal, wheat bran, and rice bran. 358 1

To test the hypothesis that vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) and active calcium (Ca) transport in the small intestine of vitamin D-replete lactating rats are regulated by dietary Ca intake, pregnant rats were given a high Ca (1.6% Ca and 1.4% phosphorus) or low Ca (0.1% Ca and 0.4% phosphorus) diet starting 3 days before delivery. Toward the end of lactation (days 16-23) the rats were killed, and active Ca transport (using everted gut sacs) and CaBP were determined in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The right tibiae were used for bone weight and ash determinations. The Ca transport ratios and CaBP concentrations in jejunum and ileum were significantly increased only in the low Ca group. In contrast, in the duodenum both parameters were equally high regardless of the diet. Nonlactating rats given the two diets for the same length of time had the expected increase in both parameters in the duodenum when fed the low Ca diet. Nonlactating rats, in contrast to lactating rats, had undetectable CaBP in jejunum and ileum regardless of diet. Lactating rats fed the high Ca diet had no net loss of bone at the end of lactation compared with rats on day 1 of lactation. In contrast, lactating rats fed the low Ca diet had a net loss of 44% of bone weight. Plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] concentrations on the 21st day of lactation were (mean +/- SE) 538 +/- 96 and 46 +/- 18 pg/ml in rats consuming the low and high Ca diets, respectively. The comparable values for the nonlactating rats were 140 +/- 4 and 26 +/- 8 pg/ml. In conclusion, dietary Ca restriction during lactation can stimulate CaBP and active Ca transport in both jejunum and ileum, and both parameters appear to be modulated by dietary Ca via the circulating concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3. In contrast, in the duodenum neither parameter appears to be related to dietary Ca, plasma 1,25-(OH)2D3 concentration, or lactation-associated bone loss.
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PMID:Regulation by dietary calcium of vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein and active calcium transport in the small intestine of lactating rats. 359 20

In addition to a basic ration (barley, dried green fodder, fishmeal) pigs (castrated males, 100 ... 130 kg live weight) received a supplement of raw potato starch, raw ensiled potatoes, cooked potato starch or steamed ensiled potatoes; nutrient and amino acid passage and digestibility (absorption) were measured in the small intestine, the upper large intestine and the total digestive tract with the help of simple cannulae at the distal ileum and the middle of the hind gut and the estimation of the HCl insoluble ash as an indicator. In addition, the amounts of bacteria in faeces were determined and the influence of raw and cooked potato starch on N retention was ascertained. When raw potato products were fed, distinctly higher amounts of dry matter, organic matter and starch pass the ileum, which get into the colon undigested, i.e. the digestibility of these substances is low at the end of the ileum (raw potato starch 24%, starch of raw ensiled potatoes 36%). Up to the middle of the colon there is intensive bacterial starch degradation so that in this place the difference between raw and thermically treated potatoes is only small. No matter what the previous treatment of the potatoes was, there is hardly any starch in faeces, i.e. it was nearly 100% digested up to the end of the digestive tract. The passage and digestibility resp. of ash and crude cellulose from the basic ration is not influenced by the supplement of raw or thermically treated potato products in the individual sections of the digestive tract. At the end of the ileum there are no differences between the apparent digestibility of the crude protein and absorption of amino acids of supplemented raw or cooked potato starch or steamed ensiled potatoes; after the use of raw ensiled potatoes they are, however, significantly more reduced than the comparison of analyses of faeces shows. In the large intestine the high amount of potato starch stimulates the metabolism and the reproduction of faecal bacteria as is shown by an increase by 20-30% in bacteria N excretion in faeces. Apparent crude protein digestibility and amino acid absorption are diminished by that. The increased N excretion in faeces after the supplement of raw potato starch to the basic ration is-in comparison with the supplement of heated starch-compensated by a commensurately lower N excretion in urine so that N retention practically remains uninfluenced by the supplement of variously treated potato starch.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Effect of thermal treatment of potato products on nutrient decomposition in the digestive tract of swine. 1. Passage and digestibility of nutrients in the various portions of the intestine]. 368 37

This study was designed to determine the effect of corn starch, lactose, and sucrose on lead (Pb) absorption and retention in rat tissues and organs. Seventy weanling Wistar male rats were assigned to the following five treatment groups: Group 1, 31.2% sucrose + 29.3% starch; Group 2, 31.2% lactose + 29.3% starch; Group 3, 60% corn starch (control); Group 4, 52.1% sucrose + 8.4% starch; Group 5, 52.1% lactose + 8.4% starch. All diets were supplemented with 200 ppm lead nitrate. The animals were fed the experimental diets for 8 weeks after which they were sacrificed. Analysis of lead in whole blood, bone (tibia and femur), carcass ash, and gut (alimentary canal) was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) technique. Results indicated that lactose in the diet caused increased lead retention by these tissues. Pb concentration was highest in blood (500% of the control) and bone (433% of control) of animals fed the Group 5 diet with the second highest level for the tissues of rats fed the Group 2 diet. Rats fed the high lactose diet showed the lowest weight gain and those fed the low sucrose diet showed the highest weight gain. The sucrose diets caused increased Pb in bone. In rats fed the sucrose diets, the Pb content of feces was greater than the value in rats fed the corn starch diet. The results of this study show that lactose has a higher stimulatory effect on Pb retention than sucrose.
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PMID:Effect of carbohydrates on lead absorption and retention in weanling rats. 378 Jun 44

1-Nitropyrene (NP) is a direct acting mutagen found in diesel exhaust and coal-combustion fly ash. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of gut microfloral metabolism to the macromolecular covalent binding (MCB) of NP and/or its metabolites in lungs and liver of the rat. Normal and antibiotic treated rats were administered [14C]NP and MCB was quantitated at various times in lungs and livers. Abolition of gut microfloral metabolism by antibiotic treatment significantly altered total MCB in lungs. MCB in lungs of antibiotic-treated animals 4 h after oral administration of NP was 0.15 nmol NP equivalents/g and was significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased to less than one-half of control values (0.42 nmol NP equivalents/g). MCB in lungs of antibiotic-treated rats was no different from the controls 1 week after NP administration (0.1 nmol NP equivalents/g). Comparison of livers from control and antibiotic-treated rats demonstrated the same pattern of MCB as lungs but differences were not significant. These results reveal that metabolism by gut microflora may play a role in the activation and covalent binding of NP to macromolecules. However, the alteration of covalent binding observed after antibiotic treatment was a change in the time course of formation and breakdown of covalently bound forms and not an effect on the quantity of bound material remaining at 1 week indicating that gut microfloral metabolism is not an exclusive pathway for bioactivation of NP in the rat.
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PMID:Contribution of intestinal microfloral metabolism to the total macromolecular covalent binding of 1-nitro-pyrene in the lung and liver of the rat. 384 Feb 95


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