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 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Cyst walls of the beet cyst-nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt) were obtained by sieving a suspension of crushed cysts; about 15mg of dried cyst walls was obtained from 1000 cysts. 2. The cyst walls contained 68% protein calculated from nitrogen content. Glutamic acid, glycine, proline and hydroxyproline made up about 54% by weight of the amino acids obtained on acid hydrolysis. 3. Minor constituents of the cyst wall were hexosamine (3.3%), lipid (6%), carbohydrate (2%) and phenols (2%). The hexosamine was identified as galactosamine. 4. The cyst walls contained inorganic material (ash 17%), most of which was extractable with EDTA, but not with water. Major inorganic components were calcium and phosphorus (1.7% and 1.5% respectively, by weight). Carbon dioxide (about 1% by weight) was liberated from the cyst walls on acidification. 5. The cyst walls of H. schachtii and the potato cyst-nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis) contained different amounts of the same amino acids. They also differed in their inorganic content and in the nature of the hexosamine present.
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PMID:The composition of the cyst wall of the beet cyst-nematode Heterodera schachtii. 499 66

1. Cyst walls of the potato cyst-nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) were isolated by sieving a suspension of crushed cysts. About 12mg. of dried cyst walls was obtained from 1000 cysts. 2. The cyst walls contained mainly protein (72%, calculated from nitrogen content). On acid hydrolysis about 77% of the cyst wall went into solution. Of 19 amino acids present, proline, glycine, and alanine were the most abundant, and made up about 50% by weight of the total amino acids. The amino acid composition suggested that collagen-like proteins predominated in the cyst wall and larval cuticle. 3. A small amount of glucosamine (1.5%) was present in the hydrolysates, but chitin was not detected in the cyst walls. 4. Other components of the cyst walls were lipid (2%), carbohydrate (0.5%) and a small amount of inorganic matter (ash, 5%). Polyphenols (2% by wt. of the cyst walls) occurred in the acid hydrolysates. The dark pigments of the cyst wall were not indole-containing melanins.
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PMID:The chemical composition of the cyst wall of the potato cyst-nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis. 566 85

1. Materials containing hyaluronic acid have been prepared by filtration (Ogston & Stanier, 1950) from ox synovial fluid and from a protein-rich human mesothelioma fluid. The ox material has been deproteinized by treatment with chloroform and pentanol and by gradient elution on DEAE-Sephadex; several fractions were obtained by the latter method. These materials can be stored in solution at -20 degrees without change of properties. The ox material contained 21% of protein; all other preparations contained less than 6% of protein. 2. The two materials have been compared by sedimentation and viscosity and shown to be closely similar. Treatment of the ox material with neuraminidase caused no change in its viscosity behaviour. 3. Information about the molecular configuration of the ox material has been obtained from measurements of light-scattering and viscosity. The results, though consistent with a highly extended configuration, are not consistent with a linear random-coil configuration. It is tentatively suggested that the structure may have some degree of branching and of cross-linking, which give it a rigidity with respect to expansion of the molecular domain that would not be possessed by a random coil. 4. The deproteinized material recovered from DEAE-Sephadex, though polydisperse, showed unchanged average molecular weight; however, the average radius of gyration was greater than before this treatment. 5. Acidification to approx. pH3 resulted in a contraction of the structure, with only a slight degree of expansion when the pH was restored to 6.8-7.0. 6. Measurements of optical rotatory dispersion qualitatively support a structure less simple than a linear random coil. 7. Colloid osmotic pressures of mixed solutions of bovine serum albumin and of hyaluronic acid prepared by filtration from ox synovial fluid have been measured. The results agree approximately with those of Laurent & Ogston (1963) but are in quantitative disagreement with the partition measurements of Ogston & Phelps (1960). The relationships between thermodynamic quantities in a quaternary system of electrolytes are discussed in Appendix 2. 8. Refractometric measurements have been made in connexion with light-scattering measurements, as the basis for a convenient method of determining the concentrations of solutions of hyaluronic acids, and to measure the partition of sodium chloride in dialysis experiments. The theory of the last use is discussed in Appendix 1. 9. Sedimentation measurements on the ox preparation have been made up to a concentration of 1.4x10(-2)g./ml. The form of the sedimentation coefficient-concentration relationship is discussed. The value of the sedimentation coefficient at higher concentration is the basis of an illustration of the likely effect of hyaluronic acid on the flow of water through narrow channels in connective tissue. 10. Available colorimetric methods have been shown to give low estimates for glucuronic acid when applied to highly polymerized materials, as compared with estimates by decarboxylation. A spectrophotometric titration with cetylpyridinium bromide has been shown to give estimates of carboxyl groups that agree well with those of decarboxylation when applied to preparations of hyaluronic acid under suitable conditions; the results are not affected by the presence of protein. 11. Estimates of glucosamine (Ogston, 1964) have been found to be low compared with those of total acetyl, independently of the presence of protein. The magnitude of the discrepancy is characteristically different for preparations from ox synovial fluid and from mesothelioma. 12. Sialic acid was estimated in several preparations. It is likely that this forms part of the protein. 13. Analyses of preparations for total nitrogen, amino acids, total acetyl, glucuronic acid (by decarboxylation) and ash account for at least 95.7% of the dry weight in terms of N-acetylglucosaminyl, glucuronyl, protein and metal ions. Previously published analyses of hyaluronic acids are reviewed. 14. The estimated molar ratios of glucuronic acid to glucosamine were all significantly greater than unity. 15. The analytical results are interpreted as agreeing with the physicochemical measurements in suggesting a more complex structure, for at least some hyaluronic acids, than that of an alternate linear copolymer in random-coil configuration.
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PMID:The composition and physicochemical properties of hyaluronic acids prepared from ox synovial fluid and from a case of mesothelioma. 583 86

1. Eggs of the potato cyst-nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) were isolated by sieving a suspension of crushed cysts. Eggs were broken open by ultrasonic vibration and the egg shells separated from the released larvae by centrifuging in a potassium tartrate density gradient. About 1 mg. of dried egg shells was obtained from 1000 cysts. 2. The major constituent of the egg shells was protein (59%, calculated from nitrogen content). About 80% of the egg shells went into solution on acid hydrolysis. Of the 18 amino acids determined with the Technicon Auto-Analyser, proline was most abundant and, with aspartic acid, glycine and serine, made up about 64% by weight of the total amino acids. The small amounts of aromatic and sulphur-containing amino acids, and the presence of hydroxy-proline, indicate a collagen-like protein. 3. The egg shells gave a positive van Wisselingh colour test for chitin, and glucosamine was detected in their acid hydrolysate by chromatography. The glucosamine content of the egg shells, determined by the Elson-Morgan colorimetric method, was 7%, corresponding to about 9% chitin. 4. Dried egg shells contained about 7% of lipid, 6% of carbohydrate and 3% of ash. Polyphenols (3% by weight of the egg shells) were detected in the acid hydrolysates. 5. Neither the collagen nor the chitin showed evidence of crystallinity when examined by X-ray diffraction.
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PMID:The chemical composition of the egg shells of the potato cyst-nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. 606

Steers, equipped with simple rumen cannulas, were given diets of approximately equal parts of rolled barley and straw supplemented with urea. The diets provided sufficient estimated rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN; RDN:metabolizable energy values of 1:3) to maintain maximum microbial synthesis. In some experiments Na235SO4 was introduced into the rumen to label microbial protein. Rumen digesta samples were taken before feeding and mixed rumen bacteria were separated from the solid (solid-associated bacteria; SAB) and liquid (liquid-associated bacteria; LAB) fractions of digesta. The most effective method of removing SAB from the fibre was a combination of homogenizing and pummelling. This process did not affect the physical form or chemical composition of the bacteria. Samples of SAB contained significantly (P less than or equal to at least 0.05) less ash, total N, RNA and diaminopimelic acid (DAP) and significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) more lipid than samples of LAB. Concentrations (g/kg dry matter) of ash, total N, RNA, DAP and lipid in SAB were approximately 87, 70, 35, 2.2 and 245 respectively. Corresponding values for LAB were 157, 80, 50, 3.8 and 124 respectively. RNA-N:total N and DAP-N:total N values in SAB were significantly lower than those in LAB (P less than or equal to 0.05 and 0.02 respectively). 35S:total N values were similar in both groups of bacteria. The importance of differences in constituent:total N values in the two groups of bacteria in relation to their use as indices of microbial protein synthesis is discussed.
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PMID:A comparison of the chemical composition of mixed bacteria harvested from the liquid and solid fractions of rumen digesta. 619 50

The interaction of gaseous NO2 with solid carrier-adsorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was studied under laboratory conditions with a specific attention to factors that might possibly influence this reaction, such as type of carrier lighting conditions, NO2 concentration, exposure time, and temperature. At the NO2 concentration of 1.33 ppm there were detected the following nitro derivatives: nitroanthracene, nitropyrene, nitrochrysene, two mononitro derivatives of benzo/a/pyrene, and dinitrobenzo/a/pyrene. The experimental data suggest that the formation of nitroaromates in atmospheric environment is to be expected, provided that there are present, besides polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, also suitable types of sorbents, such as silica gel or fly ash.
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PMID:Reaction of solid carrier-adsorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with gaseous low-concentrated nitrogen dioxide. 624 66

This study examines effects of variations in fiber content on nutrient assimilation, fecal output, and gastrointestinal transit time in the dog. Four normal Beagles were fed four diets in a randomized block design. The basal diet was a canned, balanced, meat-based dog food (Alpo Trio) to which added 3, 6, and 9% by weight of alpha cellulose (Solka Flok). Food intake and fecal outputs were recorded for 5-day periods. Samples of diets and fecal collections were analyzed for dry matter, nitrogen, fat, carbohydrate and ash; digestibilities were calculated. Transit times were measured by a radiographic marker technique. Fecal weight and water increased linearly; digestibility of dry matter decreased from 90 to 70% and ash from 43 to 32% with added fiber. Responses of protein, carbohydrate and fat were less pronounced but were regular; regressions of their digestibilities on added fiber were significant. Regression estimate of true digestibility for alpha-cellulose was 6%. Intestinal transit time decreased from a mean of 37.4 to 28.7 hours with added fiber. Decreased intestinal time would contribute to depression of fry matter digestibility. Increased fecal water output probably also reflected retention by fiber.
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PMID:Effects of fiber on digestibility and transit time in dogs. 628 9

The extent of hydrolysis of citrus pectin in the stomach and small intestine was studied by in vivo digestion in ileostomy patients. The effect of citrus pectin on ileostomy losses of fat, nitrogen, starch, sodium and potassium was also investigated as was its effect on the absorption of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron. Six ileostomy patients were studied during 10 d while on a constant low-fibre diet supplemented with 15 g citrus pectin/d on days 5, 6 and 7. The constituents mentioned in (1) as well as neutral polysaccharides, uronic acids and Klason lignin were determined in the ileostomy contents and duplicate portions of the diet. Of the uronic acids derived from the citrus pectin 70-100 per cent was recovered in the ileostomy contents. The wet weight of ileostomy fluid increased by 314 g/24 h and dry weight by 24 g/24 h after consumption of 15 g citrus pectin. During the pectin period there was a significant increase in the amount of nitrogen, fat, ash, Na and K found in ileostomy contents, while the amount of starch was unchanged. During the pectin period the apparent absorption of Fe decreased significantly, while that of P, Ca, Mg and Zn remained unchanged. It is concluded that there is only limited digestion of citrus pectin in the stomach and small intestine. The slight increase in ileal output of nitrogen may either be due to decreased digestion and absorption of fat is more pronounced. In the 3-d study addition of 15 g pectin to the diet did not seem to impair the apparent mineral absorption from the small intestine except in the case of Fe.
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PMID:The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. 630 32

Six pigs, initially of 35 kg mean live weight, were each fitted with a re-entrant cannula. This was formed on either side of a short pouch of duodenum into which the pancreatic duct opened and which contained a simple cannula linked to the centre of the re-entrant cannula. Each pig received two diets: diet A was based on wheat starch, sucrose and casein, while diet B was based on barley and soya-bean meal. The diets were given in equal amounts at 12 h intervals. Digesta and pancreatic juice were collected continuously during three 12 h periods for each pig on each diet. Mean duodenal output: dietary intake values for diets A and B respectively were: digesta 1.80, 2.86; dry matter 1.05, 1.03; nitrogen 1.05, 1.06; trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble N 7.69, 9.10; glucose 0.97, 0.89. For diet A the proportion of TCA-soluble N in total N rose from 13 to 50% during 12 h, while it was approximately 50% throughout 12 h for diet B. Mean total pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1) activities (units/24 h) were 760449 (diet A) and 1 466 571 (diet B). Salivary and gastric secretions were calculated to be approximately 4 and 8 kg/24 h for diets A and B respectively. Mean flows in pancreatic juice (g/24 h) for diets A and B respectively were: juice 1204, 2182; protein 10.94, 12.10; N 1.98, 2.14; ash 9.46, 17.31; sodium 3.88, 6.91; potassium 0.23, 0.54; calcium 0.031, 0.046; phosphorus 0.024, 0.026. Mean total enzyme activities (units x 10(-3)/24 h) for diets A and B respectively were: trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) 138, 114; chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) 84, 84; carboxypeptidase A (EC 3.4.2.1) 5, 4; carboxypeptidase B (EC 3.4.2.2) 15, 17; amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) 1061, 981. It was calculated that the minimum amount of endogenous N from saliva and gastric secretion was 0.3-0.6 g in 24 h. This assumes no absorption of N occurred anterior to the duodenal cannula.
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PMID:Studies on gastric digestion of protein and carbohydrate, gastric secretion and exocrine pancreatic secretion in the growing pig. 640 23

At 10 d of age miniature pigs were randomized to receive either of two total parenteral nutrition fuel mixes; oral feedings were discontinued. Both groups received 170 kcal X kg-1 X d-1 and 11 g X kg-1 X d-1 of synthetic amino acids. Nonprotein energy was supplied as glucose in group A, whereas in group B, it was divided equally between glucose and fat. Blood samples were drawn on the second and eighth postoperative days for hematologic, biochemical, and hormonal measurements. On the ninth postoperative day, total body water was determined and the animals were killed for carcass analysis. The animals tolerated the intravenous nutrition without ill effects as indicated by both clinical and biochemical parameters. Group A had significantly elevated levels of insulin and a higher insulin/glucagon ratio than group B. Cortisol levels did not differ significantly between groups. Total body fat, nitrogen, ash, K, Na, Cl, Ca, and P were similar between groups. TBW was significantly greater in group A compared with group B. Extracellular space calculated from body Cl and plasma Cl was similar between groups.
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PMID:Effect of different total parenteral nutrition fuel mixes on the body composition of infant miniature pigs. 642 45


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