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 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The use of a nylon-bag technique for pig feed digestibility determination was studied. Bags, measuring 25 x 40 mm and containing feed samples, were introduced into the pig gastrointestinal tract through a duodenal cannula, and recovered in the faeces between 23 and 69 h later. The disappearance of organic matter and crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) from the bags was compared with in vivo apparent digestibility, determined by conventional faecal-collection methods, and neutral-detergent-fibre content for eleven feeds. The residues left in the bags after passage through the intestine from whole-crop-pea (Pisum sativum) and barley-grain samples were analysed for starch, non-starch polysaccharide residues, Klason lignin, crude protein and ash. 2. Dry matter disappearance of barley or whole-crop peas was not influenced by increasing bag pore size from 10 to 36 microns or sample weight from 250 to 1000 mg. Pepsin (EC 3.4.2.1) pretreatment had no effect on the degradation in the bags of the feeds investigated. 3. Organic matter and crude protein disappearance from the bags exceeded in vivo apparent digestibility by up to 0.10 and 0.42 units respectively. In vivo apparent organic matter digestibility could be predicted (P less than 0.001) by the organic matter disappearance from the bags and the neutral-detergent-fibre content of the feed, while in vivo apparent crude protein digestibility was highly correlated (P less than 0.001) to all these indices but poorly to crude protein disappearance from the bags. 4. Klason lignin was the least degraded component measured in the whole-crop-pea and barley residues from the bags, while starch was completely digested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Use of a nylon-bag technique for pig feed digestibility studies. 387 Jun 93

Laboratory investigations demonstrate the theoretical feasibility of utilizing CO2 laser energy for arthroscopic resection of the knee meniscus. Infrared light of 10.6 micron wavelength is sufficiently absorbed by fibrocartilage with byproducts of heat, water vapor, and a small residue of carbon ash. The remaining meniscus rim demonstrates viable chondrocytes in close proximity to the margin of resection, and gross collagen fiber architecture is preserved. The depth of penetration of the laser beam can be controlled by limiting the duration of exposure. Arthroscopic application of CO2 laser energy requires a gas medium. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen have proven to be satisfactory insufflation agents, with no lasting untoward effects noted in a clinical series of diagnostic arthroscopic procedures. The cost of laser generators and the lack of an ideal delivery system are limiting factors in clinical applications of this cutting mode for meniscectomy.
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PMID:Arthroscopic laser meniscectomy in a gas medium. 393 37

The physicochemical properties of the upstream and downstream waters from the Upper Ganga canal, discharged cooling tower water, machine washings, and scrubber and bottom ash effluents of a 530 MW Kasimpur coal-fired thermal power plant have been determined, and their effects directly on fertile soil and indirectly on pea (Pisum sativam) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) crops have also been studied. The effluents were found to be alkaline in nature. The scrubber and bottom ash effluent was found to contain large amounts of solids and had high biochemical and chemical oxygen demands. All the effluents were found to be responsible for altering the chemical composition of the soil. The soils irrigated with the different effluents exhibited an increase in pH, organic matter, calcium carbonate, water-soluble salts, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, and nitrogen and phosphorus contents while potassium content decreased, probably due to being leached to the lower layers of the soil. The effects of 100, 50, and 0% (tap water control) dilutions of cooling tower, machine washings, and scrubber and bottom ash effluents on the germination and growth of pea and wheat crops were also monitored. Using the undiluted effluents, there was 100% germination for both the crops when the irrigation was done with cooling tower effluent. The germination was restricted to 90% for the two crops when irrigated with machine washings effluent, and to 80 and 70% for pea and wheat, respectively, when irrigated with scrubber and bottom ash effluent. The samples of upstream and downstream canal water were also used for irrigating soils with and without crop plants in order to ascertain the impact of the effluents on the canal water and its subsequent effect on the crops. The soils irrigated with downstream canal water were found to contain slightly more calcium carbonate, phosphorus, and ammonia-nitrogen than those receiving upstream canal water. Though 100% germination was obtained in both the cases, the growth of the plants irrigated with the downstream canal water was found to be slightly reduced.
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PMID:Effects of coal-fired thermal power plant discharges on agricultural soil and crop plants. 395 66

The composition of bulk milk of 18 herds of ewes and 14 herds of goats and the milk of 10 individual animals of each ewes and goats during a 12 weeks lactation period was studied. The average percentage of acidity of bulk ewe's milk (0.22), fat (6.4), lactose (4.3), total nitrogen (0.9) calcium (0.169), ash (0.940) and total solids (18.6) were higher than 0.17, 4.0, 3.9, 0.62, 0.130, 0.81 and 12.8 of bulk goat's milk. Phosphorus (0.074) was almost similar to (0.077), while non-protein nitrogen (0.0022) was about thirteen times lower than 0.028 of goat's milk. Determined parameters increased, whereas lactose and non-protein nitrogen decreased with progression of the lactation period. Individual ewe's milk occasionally contained 1.4% fat and 0.56% total nitrogen closely resembling individual goat's milk.
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PMID:The composition of Karadi ewe's and goat's milk. 399 Jul 86

The chemical homogeneity in all parts of the bone compacta was investigated in 2 human tibiae taken from male cadavers. The ash and nitrogen contents were used as parameters of the chemical homogeneity. Analyses for calcium and phosphorus were performed in addition to characterize the ash content. The mineral components reached their highest levels in the middle of the diaphysis, but the ash contents decline in the directions towards the epiphysis. The distributions of the values for the organic compounds (nitrogen) show a converse pattern. The nitrogen content was highest especially at points where tendons are anchored in the compacta. The ash or mineral content is approximately proportional to the density of the dry bone substance. The chemical composition of the bone compacta can therefore be used to draw conclusions regarding zones that are subject to different functional loads.
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PMID:[Regional differences in the chemical composition of the human tibia]. 401 11

Groups of rats (n 8) were offered, to appetite, diets containing 10 (LP), 25 (MP) and 45 (HP)% of gross energy as protein energy from 45 d of age to slaughter 50 d later. At 53 d of age, half the rats on each diet were left at 22 degrees while the other half were transferred to 6 degrees. Water balances were measured daily, and digestibilities of energy and nitrogen and the metabolizability of the diets were measured for each rat over a 7 d period at some stage between the age of 74 and 95 d. The rats were slaughtered at day 95 and their carcasses were analysed for protein, lipid, energy and ash contents. Energy expenditure was calculated as the difference between metabolizable energy intake and energy retained. Growth performance was best on the MP diet at both temperatures. At 22 degrees the rate of gain of body-weight and of energy retention, although not of protein, were slightly reduced on the HP diet while overall performance was markedly inferior on the LP diet. At 6 degrees the LP diet, while not so good as the MP diet, led to significantly better all-round growth performance than did the HP diet. Cold increased the energy expenditure of the rats by 50% (109-138 kJ/d); the increase was greater for the LP group than for the HP group. Intrascapular brown adipose tissue hypertrophied in response to cold and to the LP diet. Adrenal gland size was significantly increased by cold exposure and by increasing level of dietary protein concentration. Urine volume was more closely related to the intake of protein than to that of energy. Urinary N concentration for the HP rats was approximately double that for those on the LP diet. Cold-exposed rats had a high water content in their fat-free carcasses, but there were no differences between the dietary treatments.
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PMID:Effect of dietary protein concentration and ambient temperature on the energy, protein and water metabolism of the rat. 406 78

The effects of supplementing laying hen diets with 0, 5, or 10% fat in the presence of 3.0, 3.6, or 4.2% dietary calcium was investigated using laying hens over a 7-week period. There was no significant effect of the fat or calcium treatments on laying hen performance as judged by feed intake, weight gain, egg production, egg weight, and egg shell deformation. Although there was an increase in fat retention with an increase in dietary fat level (P less than .01), a larger proportion (P less than .05) of unabsorbed fat was present as soap in the excreta of birds on these diets relative to those fed the control diet. There was evidence to indicate that most of the soap observed in the excreta of laying hens was formed in postabsorptive areas of the gut, thereby explaining why the detrimental effects of soap formation were not seen in the laying hen. Increasing the dietary calcium level reduced both percentage calcium (P less than .01) and magnesium (P less than .05) retention. There were no significant effects of the treatments on nitrogen and phosphorus retention. There were also no significant effects of the treatments on shell ash, shell calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus content. Increasing the dietary calcium level increased bone ash (P less than .05) while reducing bone magnesium content (P less than .05). There were no significant effects of the fat and calcium treatments on bone calcium and phosphorus content.
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PMID:Effects of dietary fat level on laying hens fed various concentrations of calcium. 407 Jan 38

Broiler chicks were force fed 75, 100, 125, 140 and 160% of the consumption observed by ad libitum-fed controls to examine feed intake effects upon productivity. Live body weight gain increased with feed intake up to the 140% consumption but was depressed above this point. Feed efficiency and fat, ash, ration (corrected for uric excretion mass), protein (corrected for uric acid excretion nitrogen), and starch digestibility estimates declined by 30, 56, 25, 16, 16, and 2%, respectively, as feed consumption increased from 75 to 160% of ad libitum consumption. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was not affected by amount of feed consumption. Initial digesta passage rate, estimated by first appearance of ferric oxide in feces, averaged 215 min and was not correlated (P greater than .4) with feed intake. Gastrointestinal tract mass plus contents increased with feed intake and accounted for up to 67% of the increased live body weight gain. Birds apparently adjusted to feed intake level by varying gastrointestinal tract size (mass) and not passage rate. Dressing percentage declined from a high of 73% for birds fed at the lowest feed intake to a low of 63% at the highest feed intake. Carcass gain was 50% greater for the 160 vs 75% group, but most of this (41%) was reached at the ad libitum consumption level. Carcass gain-to-feed ratios were .42, .41, .32, .27, and .21 for the five intakes, respectively. Drumstick, breast, and thigh gains were not (P greater than .01) influenced by increased feed consumption above the ad libitum-fed controls but were depressed (P greater than .05) at the 75% feed intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Feed intake effects upon gain, carcass yield, and ration digestibility in broilers force fed five feed intakes. 407 Jan 45

The effect of germination on the nutritional quality of two varieties of lentil seeds was studied. It was found that germination improved the nutritive value by reducing haemagglutinins, trypsin inhibitor activities, tannins, and pentosans, and by increasing the in vitro protein digestibility, nitrogen solubility and FAAN. Except for Fe, ash and other minerals were not affected. The changes in these properties were more pronounced in Giza (9) variety than Syrian type.
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PMID:Influence of germination on the nutritional quality of lentil seeds. 407 23

1. The cyst wall of Colpoda steinii has been isolated and its chemical nature examined. It had a nitrogen content 13.9+/-0.2% (s.d.) and an ash 8.6+/-1.6% (s.d.). After lipid and hot-acid extraction there was a variable residual phosphorus of 0.19-0.64%. The protein nature, indicated by infrared and ultraviolet absorption, was confirmed when 100mug. of hydrolysed wall gave a ninhydrin colour equivalent to that given by 0.88-1.01mumoles of glycine. Hexosamine, hexose, pentose, lipid and dipicolinic acid were absent. 2. Paper chromatography of hydrolysates, besides showing the presence of the usual protein amino acids and three unidentified ninhydrin-reacting spots, indicated the presence of large amounts of glutamic acid. Estimated by chromatography, the amount present was 52.9+/-0.6 (s.d.) g./100g. of ash-free wall; manometric estimation of l-glutamic acid with l-glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase gave 46.5+/-0.9 (s.d.) g./100g. 3. Free carboxyl groups were estimated by titration as 0.159+/-0.011 (s.d.) mole/100g. and those present as amide as 0.154+/-0.004 (s.d.) mole/100g., and the total was compared with the dicarboxylic acid content 0.360+/-0.010 (s.d.) mole/100g. 4. After treatment with 98% formic acid 25-30% of the wall material could be extracted by 0.05m-sodium carbonate solution (extract 1); after treatment of the residue with performic acid a further 62-63% based on the original weight could be extracted by 0.05m-sodium carbonate (extract 2). 5. The average values found for the glutamic acid contents were 21.7g./100g. for extract 1 and 58.0g./100g. for extract 2. The cysteic acid content of whole oxidized wall was about 5.8g./100g. and of extract 2 also about 5.8g./100g. The glutamic acid and cysteic acid contents of the final residue were also investigated. 6. The significance of these extraction experiments in relation to the wall structure is discussed.
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PMID:The cyst wall of Colpoda steinii. A substance rich in glutamic acid residues. 495 13


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