Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0205700 (ash)
 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The oxygen (O2) consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) production, heat production (HP) and milk nutrient intake of 22 litters of suckling piglets were recorded every 4 days from the day after birth to weaning at 22 days of age. At weaning, 147 representative piglets of these litters were slaughtered to measure their chemical composition and to calculate the energy and nutrient balance of individual piglets and litters between birth and weaning. O2 consumption, CO2 production and HP were constant over the suckling period when expressed per kg of body weight0.68 (BW0.68); O2 consumption and HP averaged 34.4 liters and 168 kcal per kg of BW0.68 and per day, respectively. The respiratory quotient (RQ) (CO2/O2) was 0.84. Average daily gain between birth and weaning (ADG) ranged from 35 to 285 g (mean: 186 g). Dry matter, fat and energy contents of piglets at weaning were positively correlated with ADG while protein and ash contents were negatively correlated with ADG. The daily amounts of protein, fat, ash and energy deposited were linearly related to ADG, so that the chemical composition of additional gain was constant: 410, 141, 197 and 28 mg/g and 2,960 cal/g for dry matter, protein, fat, ash and energy, respectively. The deposition of 1 g of protein or fat was associated with 5.20 or 1.17 g of weight gain, respectively. Finally, 55% of the energy and 85% of the nitrogen supplied by milk were retained in piglet weight gain.
 ...
PMID:Body composition, metabolic rate and utilization of milk nutrients in suckling piglets. 365 64

1. Digesta were collected from eleven preruminant calves fitted with re-entrant (four calves in Expt 1 and three in Expt 2) or single cannulas (four calves in Expt 1) in the terminal ileum. Collection periods lasted 24 h (Expt 1) or 96 h (Expt 2). 2. Two milk-substitutes (fish and soya bean) and a control diet were given to the calves. In the control diet, protein was entirely provided by skim-milk powder. In the other two diets, protein was provided mainly by a partially hydrolysed white-fish protein concentrate or a soya-bean protein concentrate prepared by extracting soya-bean meal with hot aqueous ethanol. 3. In Expt 1, flow rates of fresh matter, dry matter, nitrogen and ash exhibited two maxima between 6 and 8 h after the morning meal and between 4 and 6 h (control and soya-bean diets) or 6 and 8 h (fish diet) after the evening meal. Minimum pH values were observed at times of maximum flow rate. Variations observed in the flow rates and pH values were larger with fish and especially soya-bean diets than with the control diet. 4. The apparent digestibility of the three diets in the terminal ileum was significantly higher in Expt 2 than in Expt 1: for N, the values were 0.92, 0.83 and 0.75 (Expt 1), and 0.94, 0.87 and 0.88 (Expt 2) with the control, fish and soya-bean diets respectively. 5. The amount of N apparently absorbed in the terminal ileum represented 90-96% of the amount that disappeared from the whole digestive tract in Expt 1 and 95-99% in Expt 2. 6. In Expt 1 the amino acid (AA) composition of digesta changed little with the flow rate when the calves were given the control diet (from 158 to 179 g glutamic acid/kg AA). With the fish and soya-bean diets the AA composition was similar to that observed with the control diet when the flow rate was minimum, but differences became apparent as the flow rate increased (281 and 161 g glutamic acid/kg AA for the soya-bean and control diets respectively with maximum flow rate). In Expt 2, the mean compositions of the digesta were very similar to the means obtained in Expt 1. 7. Different comparisons with dietary, endogenous and bacterial proteins indicated that for the three diets a common mixture containing approximately 65% endogenous and 35% bacterial proteins reached the terminal ileum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Digestion of milk, fish and soya-bean protein in the preruminant calf: flow of digesta, apparent digestibility at the end of the ileum and amino acid composition of ileal digesta. 367 77

Data from studies of two similar groups of premature infants were used to describe the changing body composition (BC) of a "typical" premature infant, 3 to 4 weeks old, gaining weight from 1,200 to 2,000 g and being fed its mother's expressed breast milk at a metabolizable energy intake of 93.6 kcal/kg/day. Serial measurements had been made of total body water (TBW), the extracellular fluid space (ECF), nitrogen balance, and gross energy balance in one group of premature (n = 17) infants and of total body potassium (TBK) in another group (n = 23); all infants studied weighed between 900 and 2,300 g. Equations relating TBW, ECF, and TBK to body weight were derived for estimating the content of these substances at body weights between 1,200 and 2,000 g. Protein content at 1,200 g body weight was estimated from measured TBK and N:K ratio (determined from the reference fetus) at this weight. Subsequent protein content was determined from average N accretion, determined from data of N balance, and carbohydrate and ash content were estimated from reference data. The remainder of the body weight was assumed to be fat. At 1,200 g, the proposed BC of the premature infant is 72.1% water, 10.7% protein, 14.9% fat, 1.9% ash, and 0.4% carbohydrate. At 2,000 g comparable figures are 67.8% water, 11.6% protein, 18.2% fat, 1.9% ash, and 0.5% carbohydrate. The description also provides estimates of the body cell mass (BCM) and intracellular fluid (ICF), the relationship of K to the BCM and ICF, and the energy balance of the growing premature infant.
 ...
PMID:A description of the changing body composition of the growing premature infant. 369 68

Several nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAH) are direct-acting mutagens and/or carcinogens, and are important constituents of combustion emissions and ambient air. These nitro-PAH are emitted from various combustion sources including gasoline and diesel engine exhaust, aluminium smelting effluent, coal fly ash, wood smoke, and cigarette smoke condensates. Of these, diesel engine exhaust is the best characterized, more than 50 nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds having been identified by Paputa-Peck et al., including 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) as the single most abundant nitro-PAH. However, nitro-PAH may also be formed during source-receptor transport by atmospheric reactions of adsorbed or gas-phase PAH with oxides of nitrogen, nitric acid and other atmospherically important species such as the OH radical. Evidence for the atmospheric formation of nitro-PAH has come only recently, from observations that 2-nitropyrene (2-NP) and 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NF) neither of which has been reported to be emitted from combustion sources, are among the major nitro-PAH present in ambient air. We present here data from several locations which demonstrate that these two atmospherically formed nitro-PAH are ubiquitous in tropospheric ambient air.
 ...
PMID:Ubiquitous occurrence of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene in air. 371 15

The chemical composition of Norwegian bulk collected goats' milk from the University herd was analysed during one lactation period (30 weeks, 20 samples during 1983). There was considerable variation in chemical composition during the year. Fat content decreased over the first 4 months of lactation and increased during the mountain pasture period. Protein concentration decreased during the first 4 months, and then increased until the end of lactation. Lactose concentration decreased throughout lactation. Casein nitrogen (casein N) was highest at mid lactation and lowest at the beginning and end of lactation. beta-Lactoglobulin N showed the opposite trend. Citrate content showed a significantly quadratic decrease and total ash content an increase with advancing lactation. Mutual significant correlations between total P, K, Na, Ca and Mg were calculated, and all increased throughout lactation. There was significant positive correlation between concentrations of individual medium-chain fatty acids and stage of lactation. They remained more or less constant during the first part of the lactation, decreased to minima when the goats were on pasture, and increased during the last phase of lactation. Concentration of C16 fatty acid was negatively correlated with C18 and C18:1. Goat flavour intensity score and quality flavour score were highest at mid lactation, and positively correlated with the acid degree value.
 ...
PMID:Chemical composition of milk from a herd of Norwegian goats. 375 47

Six feral does maintained at elevated ambient temperatures (27.2 degrees - 34.8 degrees) for the last half of pregnancy had rectal temperatures (Tr) elevated by 0.4 degrees above 10 unstressed does. Heat-stressed twin-bearers were 0.15 degrees hotter than single-bearers and bore lighter kids (1.70 kg), than unstressed does (2.24 kg) while singles were less affected (2.22 kg versus 2.28 kg). Birth weight was more highly correlated (P less than 0.001) with the daily minimum Tr of the dam than with the mean or maximum Tr. Kids from heated does stood and began sucking as quickly as control kids but during the first six hours scored significantly (P less than 0.01) lower on a scale of general activity. There were no significant differences in body content of nitrogen, fat and ash or, when birth weight was considered, weight of hide, CNS and liver.
 ...
PMID:Effect of chronic heat load during pregnancy on birth weight, behaviour and body composition of Australian feral goat kids. 376 20

Recombinant chicken GH (rcGH) was produced and characterized. Comparison of protein sequence, amino acid composition, mol wt, purity, and immunocross-reactivity showed that except for the N-terminal methionyl group arising from the bacterial expression system, the recombinant and pituitary-derived cGHs were identical. When tested in a hypophysectomized rat growth assay, the recombinant and pituitary materials had the same specific bioactivity. Within 60 min after sc injection of rcGH (480-960 micrograms/kg) in chickens, plasma GH levels increased 4- to 6-fold and remained significantly elevated for at least 5 h. Thrice-daily injections from age 2-24 days had little effect on growth or feed consumption in either male or female broiler chicks. Plasma levels of insulin and triglycerides were significantly elevated by rcGH in 24-day-old females, but not in males. Injection of rcGH counteracted a reduction of tibia length observed in saline-injected controls. The rcGH had no effect on carcass protein, ash content, or nitrogen retention. It is important to note that exogenous GH can be a productivity-enhancing factor in other commercially important species. Administration of bovine GH to cows has been shown to induce a significant increase in milk production (28). This study shows that administration of rcGH to chickens can lead to some significant metabolic effects. However, it is the conclusion of this report that the level of circulating GH is not the limiting factor in the growth of this highly selected species.
 ...
PMID:The properties of recombinant chicken growth hormone and its effects on growth, body composition, feed efficiency, and other factors in broiler chickens. 380 95

Coprophagy was observed in germfree (GF) ICR mice of both sexes, and the results were compared with those of conventional mice. Frequency of coprophagy per animal per day in GF mice was 5.1 in males and 5.8 in females. In conventional (CV) mice, the frequencies were 6.2 in males and 5.3 in females (data from Zoological Science 2:249-255, 1985), with no significant differences compared with GF mice. Coprophagy in CV mice was frequently observed during 6-8 hr after lighting, whereas such close time relationships tended to weaken in GF animals. In a comparison of levels of constituents per unit weight between feces and diet, fecal crude protein and crude fat exhibited lower values than those in the diet. Levels of fecal crude ash and crude fiber were higher than those in the diet, and nitrogen-free extract was almost equal to that in the diet. No essential difference in these tendencies was found compared with CV mice. Levels of fecal vitamin B1, B2, B12 and folic acid were lower than those in the diet. In CV mice, except for vitamin B1, these vitamins exhibited either almost equal or much higher levels compared with those in the diet (data from Experimental Animals 35: 381-386, 1986). From the fact that coprophagy was observed in GF mice, it is suggested that the behavior is inherent in the mouse.
 ...
PMID:[Coprophagy in the germfree mouse]. 381 88

The purpose of this work was to determine the biochemical and nutritional changes of soybean seeds during germination. Soybean seeds were soaked for a period of eight hours and then germinated for 0, 1, 3 and 5 days. Part of them was subjected to an autoclave process. Then, both the raw and cooked seeds were dried, ground and analyzed. During the germination process an increase in the percentage content of protein and fiber in the seeds occurred; cooked seeds, in contrast, showed a slight decrease with respect to the former. Ether extract increased in percentage until the third day, and then decreased on the fifth. In the cooked seeds, higher values than in the raw seeds were obtained, due to the fact that when seeds were autoclaved, protein and carbohydrate losses occur. In regard to ash content, this diminished in percentage as germination advanced; the same happened to the free-protein extract. The raffinose and stachyose sugars, factors which cause flatulence, disappeared on the third germination day. As to nitrogen extraction, a greater percentage was obtained using distilled water as solvent, both for the raw and cooked seeds, than when using NaOH and NaCl. The trypsin inhibitors content increased on the first day of germination and then decreased. Ungerminated, autoclaved seeds, showed no trypsin inhibitors activity, whereas in the germinated cooked seeds, it increased slightly as germination days went by. Regarding protein efficiency ratio (PER), seeds with 0, 1 and 3 germination days presented no significant differences among them, the cooked seeds exhibiting higher values than the raw seeds. Apparent digestibility increased as the germination period advanced, having obtained better values when they were autoclaved. In the soybean milk acceptability test, no significant differences were observed between milk from ungerminated soybean seeds, and milk from the 3-day germinated seeds.
 ...
PMID:[Biochemical and nutritional studies of germinated soybean seeds]. 384 53

In order to improve the taste, flavor and nutritional quality of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), various processing conditions were studied. The decorticated samples were processed under various conditions, either by presoaking or non-soaking in water or sodium carbonate solution. The proteins were also isolated from water or carbonate-presoaked chickpea and subjected to various processing. Carbonate-presoaked samples gave slightly lower protein and ash values. No major changes in other constituents were observed. Subjective analysis of the intensity of characteristic chickpea flavor in processed samples was carried out, indicating some improvement in the carbonate-presoaked samples. Carbonate-treated samples exhibited a lighter color. The carbonate presoaking procedure had no adverse effect on the availability of lysine and nitrogen solubility index (NSI), as compared to the water-presoaking procedure. The time required to inactivate trypsin inhibitors in carbonate-presoaked chickpea at boiling temperature, was half that required in the case of water-presoaked ones. Under the conditions used in treating chickpea with sodium carbonate, no beneficial effect was observed in reducing the tannin content. No significant differences were observed in net protein ratio (NPR) among the various processed chickpea samples, even though in some cases isolated protein gave significantly lower NPR values. Digestibility values were higher for isolated protein than for whole chickpea samples.
 ...
PMID:Studies on the development of infant foods from plant protein sources. Part II. Effect of processing conditions on the chemical and nutritive properties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum). 384 55


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>