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 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

According to recommended international standards edible fungi are blanched before salting and freezing. A study was conducted on the solution losses of Lactarius rufus due to blanching. Weight losses, changes of dry matter, raw fat, total nitrogen, amino nitrogen and ash contents as well as the pH value were determined when various methods of blanching were used. 3 min blanching at 95-100 degrees C was able to inactivate catalase and peroxydase while 6 min blanching was needed for inactivating polyphenoloxydase totally. After blanching there were 1/10 - 1/100 of spores left. During the 3 min blanching in water five times the quantity of mushrooms the losses of dry matter were about 10%; when doubling the quantity of blanching water the losses increased to 2-3 fold. The doubling of blanching time had no significant influence on the losses. The soluble dry matter content of blanched mushrooms was less than 50% of that of the fresh. Total nitrogen of fresh mushrooms was equal to that of the blanched but the amino nitrogen decreased to one tenth by blanching. The mineral element content of blanched mushrooms was about the half of that of the fresh. Blanching caused a slight decrease in the pH value. The necessity of the blanching of all edible fungi before freezing was discussed.
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PMID:[Dry matter losses in mushroom (Lactarius rufus) by blanching]. 0 14

Bacillus subtilis (SH-6) Egyptian strain, isolated from hides, gave the highest protease activity. Luxurious growth and protease production were obtained by the use of a medium containing 8% of potato starch, 0,1 M of ammonium phosphate as carbon and nitrogen sources. Results indicate that borate buffer exerted a deleterious effect on the protease production. Comparing citrate and phosphate buffers, it was found that citrate gave lower protease activity than phosphate. There is a positive response to higher concentrations of phosphate ions. From the above-mentioned medium protease was precipitated and purified. The dried preparation of the enzyme was tested for its chemical composition. It revealed the absence of residual carbohydrate. Tests for phosphorus, sulfur, ferric, zinc, manganese, magnesium, and calcium ions were positive. Amino acids present were: L-leucine, cysteine, Dl-alanine, L-arginine, L-tyrosine, L-aspargine, L-proline, glycine, Dl-valine, L-histidine, L-glutamic, L-lysine, L-aspartic, Dl-tryptophan, L-cystine, Dl-serine and Dl-phenylalanine. Quantitative analysis of the preparation was 0.52% of ash and 14% of nitrogen.
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PMID:Production and chemical studies of protease from Bacillus subtilis (SH-6) Egyptian strain. 9 32

A complete and authentic picture of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the milk of Homo sapiens is presented. Older original references are reexamined along with data prublished during the last 2 decades. Mature human milk is made up of 3%-5% fat, 0.8%-0.0% protein, 6.9%-7.2% carbohydrate calculated as lactose, and 0.2% mineral constituents expressed as ash. The energy content is 60-75 kcal/100ml. Protein content is considerably higher and carbohydrate content lower in colostrum than in mature milk. Fat content does not vary consistently during lactation but exhibits large diurnal variations and increases during the course of each nursing. Race, age, parity, or diet fail to have a great affect on milk composition. There is no consistent compositional difference between milks from the 2 breasts unless 1 breast is infected. The principal proteins of human milk are a casein homologous to bovine B-casein, a-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin IgA, lysozyme, and serum albumin. Lactose is the principal sugar of human milk. Human milk fat is characterized by high contents of palmitic and oleic acids, the former heavily concentrated in the 2-position and the latter in the 1- and 3-positions of the triglycerides. The principal mineral constituents of human milk are Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, and C1. About 25% of the total nitrogen of human milk represents nonprotein compounds. These include urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and a large number of amino acids.
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PMID:The composition of human milk. 39 66

Most data on the nutrient composition of shell eggs were obtained before 1950. Since then, management systems for egg production and analytical methods for many components have changed. Freeze-dried whole egg, yolk and white samples were prepared from eggs obtained from a single source of 15 month old White Leghorns. The sample were packaged under nitrogen and held at -20 degrees C. until analyzed. Conversion factors are included for expressing the amount of each component on a per egg as well as a per 100 g. edible liquid basis. This re-evaluation of nutrient data included total solids, lipid, protein, cholesterol, ash, calories, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals.
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PMID:A nutrient re-evaluation of shell eggs. 56 14

The soil saprophytic fungus Myrothecium verrucaria was cultivated from glucose, starch, or xylan as the carbon source, and the biomass was compared with three selected feedstuffs. Fungal biomass was analyzed for nitrogen, protein, lipid, water soluble fraction, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and residual ash, and the in vitro dry matter disappearance was determined. The chemical composition of M. verrucaria varied with substrate. In nitrogen content, the fungal biomass was more similar to alfalfa hay than to milo stalks or wheat straw. Content of water soluble fraction of fungal biomass was between those of alfalfa hay and milo stalks; content of hemicellulose was between those of milo stalks and wheat straw. The fungal fractions identified as cellulose and lignin varied widely with substrate. The fungal biomass was less digestible than alfalfa hay but more digestible than milo stalks or wheat straw. There may be potential uses of this organism in upgrading nutritive value of low-quality forages.
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PMID:Evaluation of Myrothecium verrucaria as a nutrient source for ruminants. 57 20

Representative samples of linseed meal were collected from the productive nineteen oil mills of Egypt. The averages of nutrients in the mentioned samples were 6.55 +/- 0.22, 93.45 +/- 0.22, 11.19 +/- 0.60, 26.97 +/- 0.59, 11.18 +/- 0.43, 36.10 +/- 0.60, 8.00 +/- 0.38, 0.39 +/- 0.03 and 0.89 +/- 0.04 for moisture, dry matter, ether extract, crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, ash, calcium and phosphorus respectively. The average of the calculated calorific value was 435.81 +/- 3.16 kcal per 100 gram of the meal.
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PMID:Chemical analysis of linseed meal produced in Egypt. 58 83

Studies of the chemical composition of the rat body during growth and development. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (6): 559-573. Changes in the content of nitrogen, ether extract, water and ash in the body of rats were examined from the 1st to the 265th day of their life under conditions optimal for maximal growth and development. The investigations were carried out on 203 male Wistar rats kept on a standard diet containing about 20% of protein and 3.2 kcal ME/g. The diet was available ad libitum. After a period of fasting the animals were sacrificed at definite time intervals, their bodies were autoclaved and homogenized. The results of chemical analyses were processed statistically using logarithmic values and linear regression equations for all components in relation to the total (shrunk) and fat-free body mass, and for the relationship between the different components. The results obtained indicate that the values of all components related to the total or fat-free body mass show a curvilinear course of changes, which can be described with the power function Y = axb.
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PMID:Studies on the chemical composition of the rat body during growth and development. 61 41

The natural medium contained the following ingredients (g/l): glucose 8.0, or black strap molasses (treated with 0.2--0.3 g/l EDTA) 12.0, fodder yeast (50.0% total nitrogen) 2.0, or folder yeast (40.0% total nitrogen) 6.0, or yeast extract 8.0, or tryptone 8.0, and CaCO3 1.0. Treated black strap molasses with EDTA and fodder yeast proved to be effective in the fermentative production of gentamicins. The most suitable chelating agent was EDTA in the form of disodium for the treatment of Komombo molasses in a concentration of 0.2--0.3 g/l, while potassium ferrocyanide and methylene blue had depressing effects on the production of gentamicins. The most effective carbon source, present in Egyptian black strap molasses, was glucose. Addition of glucose to the medium was preferable at the beginning of the fermentation process. Trace elements present in molasses were very essential for the microbial growth and biosynthesis of gentamicins as proved when molasses ash was added to the natural medium. Organic nitrogen sources were more suitable than inorganic nitrogen sources for the production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea. The microorganism utilized the synthetic medium, but the antibiotic yields were less than those produced in the natural medium. The synthetic medium exhibited stimulatory effects of certain amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, and purine and pyrimidine bases on the fermentative production of gentamicins. Therefore, the ingredients increasing yields of gentamicins were mainly phenylalanine, iso-leucine, lysine, methionine, leucine, arginine, glycine, beta-alanine, cystine, tryptophan, malic acid, maleic acid, cobalamin, folic acid, riboflavin, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, biotin, nicotinamide, uracil, adenine, guanine, and adenosine. Trace elements (Co, Mo, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn) exhibited their important role on the biosynthesis and production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea.
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PMID:Production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea. 69 47

The presence of nitragin in soil on which lucerne was cultivated increased the yield of green biomass as well as the content in it of protein, essential amino acids, nitrogen-less extractive substances and ash, and decreased the content of cellulose. Nitragin increased the yield of green biomass by 44--51% in the absence of spontaneous nodule bacteria in soil and by 10--19% in their presence; the content of protein in the crop increased respectively 2.1--2.4 and 1.4--1.8 times. The most active strains of the lucerne nodule bacteria were 435a, 441a and a "local" one; the least active strain was 422a.
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PMID:[Effect of nitragin on alfalfa yield in the chernozem-poor zone of northen Siberia]. 74 60

Thirty castrated crossbreed lambs of 4 months age were divided into three groups. DES pellets (6 mg) were implanted subcutaneously in lambs of groups II and III, respectively at 4 and 7 months of age whereas those in group I served as controls. The lambs were fed on a dry fattening ration during a period of 29 weeks after which two lambs of each group were slaughtered and three lambs were also used in nitrogen balance studies. The body gains of lambs implanted with DES at 4 months of age were the highest. The growth promoting effect of the hormone in these lambs was significant during a period of 13 weeks after the implantation. The dietary nitrogen retained by treated lamb was significantly higher. The dressing percentage and weights of wholesale cuts in lambs implanted with DES were similar to those of control lambs. However, the percentage of meat in the lambs treated at 4 months of age was the highest. The protein and moisture contents of the tenth rib of these lambs were greater and the fat contents were lower than in the control animals. No DES residual activity was ever noted in the livers of slaughtered lambs. Effect of DES Implantation on Body Components. Six 2 year old Egyptian rams were used in a 2-month experiment, the duration being divided into three successive intervals. The 1st period served as a control. At the beginning of the 2nd period, DES was implanted subcutaneously. Total body water was measured using tritiated water, total muscle mass was determined by the creatinine excretion during 24 hrs, lean body mass, body rat, and nitrogen balance, were measured during the last 5 days of each experimental period. DES implantation increased the body weight of the ram by 10.4% and caused no significant change in total body water, body ash, or total muscle mass. However, body fat increased significantly. The efficiency of nitrogen utilization also increased significantly although nitrogen intake did not change. The maximum effects of DES were observed at the end of the second experimental period. Effect of Some Estrogens on Rumen Metabolism. Three DES treated and three untreated cross bred Egyptian rams were used for studying the effect of DES on rumen microorganisms. Ruminal activity, judged by the diurnal concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia-N determined 3 and 6 weeks after DES implantation, was greater in treated animals. When rumen contents from fistulated sheep were incubated in vitro with stilbestrol dipropionate (SDP), DES, and Estradiol dipropionate (EDP), a significant increase in the number and size of rumen ciliate protozoa was observed. The extent of increase varied according to the type and concentrations of added hormones and type of rumen protozoa. Further in vitro experiments indicated that the addition of DES, SDP, and EDP promoted the fermentation of starch by washed suspensions of mixed populations of ciliate protozoa. EDP seemed to show the greatest effect in stimulating VFA production by the protozoal cells.
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PMID:Application of synthetic estrogen in sheep. 82 49


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