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 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The composition (total solids, total protein, casein, coagulable proteins, lactose, fat, and ash) and mineral content (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, and copper) of human milk was estimated longitudinally for the first year of lactation. Concentration of various nutrients, except zinc and copper, remained nearly constant throughout the first year of lactation and did not show any specific trend of variation. Zinc and copper decreased linearly in the first 6 months. Milk composition was found identical to the data reported from developed countries.
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PMID:Longitudinal study in biochemical composition of human milk during first year of lactation. 275 70

A 16-wk study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary phosphorus on the reproductive capacity and bone integrity of broiler breeder males (BBM). Forty-five Arbor Acres BBM 32 wk of age were randomly divided into 3 treatments receiving either 0, .05 or .13% supplemental P. Each treatment had three replicates with five birds/replicate. Males were housed in individual cages. Birds were provided with 110 g feed/bird per day of corn-soybean meal diet containing approximately 12.4% CP and providing 3,260 kcal ME/kg. Birds were ejaculated weekly and their reproductive capacity evaluated by determining semen volume, sperm per ejaculate, intact sperm cells, and fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs. Bone integrity was evaluated by tibia bone ash at the end of the experiment. No significant treatment differences (P greater than .05) were observed among any criteria of semen quality, hatch of fertile eggs, bone integrity and body weight change. The results from this study indicate that BBM kept in cages, from 32 to 48 wk of age, can be maintained on a corn-soybean meal diet containing no supplemental P and with a daily intake of 300 mg total P/bird, without affecting their reproductive capacity and bone integrity.
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PMID:Effect of supplementary dietary phosphorus on the reproductive capacity and bone integrity of broiler breeder males fed a corn- soybean diet. 278 Apr 92

The available collaborative studies for standard methods of analysis for various constituents of milk and milk products were examined in an attempt to assign specific repeatability and reproducibility precision parameters to these methods. The different collaborative assays for the primary constituents (moisture/solids, fat, protein), the nutritionally important elements (calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus), and miscellaneous analytes/physical constants (ash, lactose, salt, freezing point) produced different estimates of the precision parameters for the same method. A suitable summary of the precision estimates from collaborative studies is given by the reproducibility relative standard deviation, RSDg, which is relatively constant within a product and permits comparisons across products. An estimate of the variation of RSDR for an analyte from a number of collaborative studies is presented in terms of the median and 90% interval (the range of the centermost 90% of values). These estimates are only informative when a substantial number of independent studies are available for pooling the independent estimates to form a distribution of RSDR values. The RSDR for the determination of the primary constituents of milk and milk products is characterized by a median RSDR of 1% and a 90% interval of 0.3-3%, with RSDR estimates occasionally occurring below 0.3% and above 4%. These overall estimates appear to be independent of analyte, matrix, and method and apply to concentrations of primary constituents that range from about 2 to 80%. The repeatability relative standard deviation, RSDr, is unstable, although it tends to converge to about 0.5-0.7 X RSDR. Too few collaborative assays are available to characterize RSDR for the determination of certain other constituents (acidity, ash, lactose, salt, and the nutritionally important elements) unless RSDR values for different analytes, methods, and matrixes are pooled on the basis of similar analyte concentrations. When pooled, the RSDR values are generally better than predicted from the Horwitz equation, RSDR (%) = 2 exp (1-0.5 log10C), where C is the concentration expressed as a decimal fraction; all but one of 661 RSDR values are within the upper empirical limit of twice this curve.
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PMID:Precision parameters of standard methods of analysis for dairy products. 280 41

Baladi rabbits were fed on five-similar-experimental diets, except the replacement for starch in the 1st diet, cattle tallow in the 2nd, cotton seed oil in the 3rd, and hydrogenated palm oil in the 4th instead of 2% more wheat bran in the 5th (control) diet. All other husbandry conditions were the same for all groups of animals during the experimental period of 7 weeks. The cattle tallow in the second diet caused significant increase of feed intake, growth rate, relative weights of kidneys, lungs and heart and calcium of the tibia bone. This diet had tendency to diminish significantly blood contents of total nitrogen and cholesterol as well as vitamin A in the liver and tibia contents of silica, phosphorus and magnesium. Diet number 3 included cottonseed oil lowered blood contents of glucose, phosphorus, cholesterol and enzyme activity of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase in the serum and specific gravity of tibia bone. On the other hand, it elevated significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) stored vitamin A in the liver than on all other experimental diets. Feeding rabbits on diet including hydrogenated palm oil subsided liver contents of dry matter, ash and vitamin A and raised ether extract of the liver significantly. It reduced also dry matter content of the femoral muscle. Substitution for starch (instead of 2% of the diet fats or bran) increased blood content of haemoglobin and haematocrit (insignificant) but values of glucose and phosphorus as well as liver content of dry matter, content of femoral muscle of dry matter and ether extract and content of tibia bone of silica and phosphorus were significantly higher than the other experimental diets. It decreased relative weights of different organs (significantly) and liver contents of ether extract and vitamin A (insignificantly) than on control diet. It could be said that the addition of cattle tallow and cottonseed oil would be recommended to be included in rabbit diets after more studies to determine the effects of the different animal-vegetable mixtures of fats, the best ratio between the two sources of fats, the interrelationships between that mixtures and the energy of the diet, the dietary protein level, the rabbit breed and their weights and aim of the production under the seasonal variation of the weather.
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PMID:Possibility of fat addition in the rabbit diets. 281 94

1. The effect of extrusion cooking of a high-fibre cereal product on digestibility of starch, fibre components and phytate in the stomach and small intestine was studied by in vivo digestion in ileostomy subjects, as well as its effect on ileostomy losses of fat, nitrogen, sodium and potassium. 2. Seven ileostomy subjects were studied during two periods (each of 4 d) while on a constant low-fibre diet supplemented with 54 g/d of a bran-gluten-starch mixture (period A) or the corresponding extruded product (period B). 3. Extrusion cooking, using mild conditions, did not change the content of starch, dietary fibre components or phytate of the bran product, but the phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) activity was lost. During the period using the extruded bran product, there was a significant increase in recovery of phytate-phosphorus (period A, 44% of intake; period B, 73% of intake). The amount of fibre components, fat, fatty acids, N, Na, K, water and the ash weight of the ileostomy contents did not differ between the two periods. Only 0.6 and 0.7% respectively of ingested starch was recovered in ileostomy contents in periods A and B, while the fibre components were almost completely recovered. 4. Extrusion cooking, using even mild conditions, may lead to a considerable impairment in the digestion of phytate, probably due to a qualitative change in phytate and a loss of phytase activity. Starch, before and after extrusion cooking, is almost completely digested in the stomach and small intestine while fibre components are digested to a very small extent.
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PMID:Extrusion cooking of a high-fibre cereal product. 1. Effects on digestibility and absorption of protein, fat, starch, dietary fibre and phytate in the small intestine. 282 63

The effect of synthetic zeolite was investigated on the development of tibial dyschondroplasia in young broilers fed diets in which the dietary levels of calcium, phosphorus, and chloride ranged from adequate to deficient. In the first two experiments the calcium level was maintained at .65% and four combinations were fed of .30% and .15% chloride and .75% and .50% phosphorus with and without 1% zeolite. Feeding the high phosphorus diet caused a high incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia that was lowered by feeding 1% zeolite. In both experiments the feeding of zeolite at a low level of dietary phosphorus caused a significant lowering of 16-day weight and bone ash. In the third experiment, when diets containing all combinations of .65% and .80% calcium and .50% and .60% phosphorus were fed, the addition of 1% zeolite caused a significant lowering of the 16-day weight, bone ash, and incidence, score, and percentage severe tibial dyschondroplasia. Once again as in the previous two experiments, there was a significant interaction between dietary phosphorus level and zeolite and 16-day weight and bone ash. Feeding zeolite significantly decreased phytate phosphorus retention.
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PMID:Effect of dietary calcium, phosphorus, chloride, and zeolite on the development of tibial dyschondroplasia. 284 29

Milk samples were obtained in early and/or late lactation from Przewalski horses, Hartmann's zebras, Grant's zebras, domestic horses, ponies and a mule mare made pregnant by embryo transfer. Samples were compared for their content of total solids, ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, zinc and iron. Milk from the Przewalski horses, Hartmann's zebra and the domestic horse had similar mineral composition and the content of minerals was higher in early than in late lactation. Milk from the domestic mule contained the lowest concentration of calcium, phosphorus and zinc but the highest concentration of magnesium, sodium and potassium. Milk from the Grant's zebras contained more sodium than potassium, unlike milk from Przewalski horses, Hartmann's zebras or domestic horses in which there was more potassium than sodium.
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PMID:A comparison of the mineral composition of milk of domestic and captive wild equids (Equus przewalski, E. zebra, E. burchelli, E. caballus, E. assinus). 287 31

The biochemical nature of the physiological defect found in chick embryos from hens supported on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as their sole source of vitamin D is described. Vitamin D-deficient hens (44-wk-old) were divided into six groups of five and dosed daily for 19 wk with either 2.0 micrograms of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 2.0 micrograms of 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-vitamin D3, 0.4 micrograms of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 2.0 micrograms of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 0.4 micrograms of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 plus 2.0 micrograms of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, or vehicle only. Normal embryonic development was found in eggs from hens given 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3, whereas embryos from hens given 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, or their combination were abnormal and failed to hatch. Embryos from hens fed 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and/or 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 had vitamin D deficiency: low bone ash, low plasma calcium, low total body calcium, and extremely high plasma phosphorus. Because the shell is the major source of calcium for the developing embryo, calcium transport from the shell to the embryos across the chorioallantoic membrane apparently fails, giving rise to the observed defects in embryonic development.
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PMID:Effect of vitamin D3 metabolites on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in chick embryos. 298 66

The interaction between malabsorption syndrome (MAS) and dietary vitamins A and D was studied in broiler chicks reared in floor pens for 4 weeks. The chicks were naturally infected with MAS, whereas hatchmates fed the same diets but in a separate facility (battery brooder) did not exhibit signs of MAS and, therefore, were considered controls. MAS significantly reduced body weights, bone ash, serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations, and liver lipids and increased the incidence of skeletal abnormalities (tibial dyschondroplasia and rickets). Rather than ameliorating the effects of MAS, vitamin A caused a further reduction in body weight and bone ash. A possible nutrient interaction between vitamin A and vitamin D or vitamin E in birds with MAS may account for the exacerbative effect of vitamin A.
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PMID:Exacerbative effect of vitamin A on malabsorption syndrome in chicks. 299 37

Variable quantities of vitamin D3 (D3) ranging from 0 to 20,000 IU D3/kg of diet were incorporated in a corn-soybean meal basal diet and fed to male broiler chicks from day-old until 56 days of age. Four experiments were conducted to determine: 1) the requirement of D3 for growth and bone calcification of normal chicks, 2) the requirement of D3 for deficient chicks, and 3) if feeding up to 20,000 IU D3/kg of diet affects bone metabolism or increases the incidence of leg abnormalities. The parameters measured included: body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion, mortality rate, ionic and total serum calcium, kidney calcium, total blood phosphorus, tibial ash, tibial breaking strength, and tibial length. In addition, the type and the incidence of occurrence of skeletal abnormalities were recorded. The data indicate that feeding less than 200 IU D3/kg of diet produced significantly lower body weights, feed consumption and conversion values, serum ionic calcium, total serum calcium, tibial breaking strength, and percentage tibial ash values (P less than .05). For example, rachitic chicks fed 200 IU D3/kg of diet had significantly lower (P less than .05) levels of ionic calcium at 21 days than rachitic chicks fed 300, 400, or 1,500 IU D3/kg of diet. The optimal level of D3 for 0 to 56-day-old male broiler chicks, based on body weight and percentage tibial ash, is 400 IU D3/kg of diet. The vitamin D3 requirement for deficient chicks repleted with D3 appears to be between 300 to 400 IU D3/kg of diet. Feeding 1,500 to 20,000 IU D3/kg of diet does not appear to alter bone metabolism or increase the incidence of leg abnormalities.
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PMID:The effects of vitamin D3 on leg abnormalities in broilers. 301 90


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