Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The content of the main nutrients, as well as amino-acid, fatty-acid and mineral composition of a protein concentrate prepared from yeast-Saccharomyces grown in molasses were studied. It was found that the product contained a significant amount of protein, all essential amino acids, insignificant quantity of lipids in which saturated fatty acids prevailed. The concentrate ash was rich in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, silicon, iron and other elements. The protein product included into experimental rations during a month produced no significant effect on the B-system immunity and did not induce sensitization.
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PMID:[Chemical composition of a protein concentrate from Saccharomyces and its effect on immunologic response]. 162 84

The first experiment was a central composite rotatable design with calculated calcium levels of 6.2, 7.0, 9.0, 11.0, and 11.8 g/kg diet and total phosphorus levels of 5.2, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, and 10.8 g/kg diet (2.8 g phytin-P/kg by analysis). This design involved three replicates for each rotatable point and fifteen replicates of the central point. The second experiment was a 4 x 4 factorial design with calculated Ca levels of 8.0, 10.0, 12.0, and 14.0 g/kg diet and calculated total P levels of 7.0, 9.0, 11.0, and 13.0 g/kg diet (2.5 g phytin-P/kg by analysis). There were four replicates for each treatment. In both 16 d experiments maize-soya-bean diets were used and each replicate consisted of one pen containing 10-d-old broad-breasted, white tom turkeys. The Ca and total P requirements for optimum growth were estimated to be 12.5 and 10.0 g/kg diet respectively. Bone ash was adequate at these levels of Ca and total P, but maximum bone ash was not achieved until much higher levels of Ca and total P were employed. At the required levels of Ca and total P for growth the incidences of Ca- and P-deficiency rickets were very low. There were no treatment effects on feed efficiency. Increasing dietary Ca decreased the incidence of the Ca-deficiency lesion. There was a quadratic response due to dietary total P on both P-deficiency rickets and plasma dialysable P; intermediate levels of dietary P resulted in low incidence of the P-deficiency lesion and high levels of plasma dialysable P. There was a strong negative correlation between the incidence of P-deficiency rickets and plasma dialysable P. Percentage retention was very low at high levels of dietary P and low levels of Ca which corresponded with slightly higher P-deficiency rickets and low plasma dialysable P. No such obvious relationships existed between Ca retention, incidence of Ca-deficiency rickets, and plasma Ca. The incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia was very low in the present study. There were pronounced dietary treatment effects on phytin-P retention; at 14 d percentage phytin-P retention treatment means ranged from 18 to 46 in Expt 1 and from 0 to 40 in Expt 2 with the highest retention of phytin-P at low levels at both Ca and total P.
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PMID:Calcium and phosphorus requirements of the very young turkey as determined by response surface analysis. 162 82

1. An experiment was conducted with 144 caged hens to study the effects of different dietary concentrations of phosphorus and of food restriction on the reproductive performance of dwarf breeder hens and on the growth and the bone development of their progeny. 2. Severe food restrictions at 105 g/hen day compared to 115 g/hen day, decreased hen body weight and hen day egg production. Fertility was unaffected and hatchability slightly depressed by the more severe restriction. 3. Egg and one-day-old chick weights were decreased by limiting the food intake of the breeders but the negative effect disappeared at slaughter (7 weeks). 4. Shell quality decreased as the dietary phosphorus increased and was not affected by food allowance. Albumen quality was slightly impaired in severely restricted hens. 5. Serum inorganic phosphorus in hens and yolk phosphorus increased with increasing dietary phosphorus. Tibial breaking strength and tibial percentage ash of the progeny at hatching was markedly improved in proportion to maternal phosphorus and food intake. This improvement in bone quality was not maintained at 7 weeks. 6. The number of chicks affected by twisted legs (valgus) and dyschondroplasia were similar whatever the maternal diet. The frequency of valgus was higher in males than in females. 7. It is concluded that maternal food intake and phosphorus supply are of importance for the initial bone development of the progeny.
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PMID:Dietary phosphorus and food allowance of dwarf breeders affect reproductive performance of hens and bone development of their progeny. 162 22

Some cereal by-products, such as bran, exhibit a high phytase activity that may enhance phytate P digestibility. This was studied in growing pigs fed a phytase-rich (1,200 IU/kg) diet containing 20% rye bran. The trial involved 12 animals; six were fed a control diet and six were fed a diet containing rye bran for 2 mo. Both diets contained the same levels of energy, protein, Ca (.7%) and total P (.4%). No inorganic P was added; thus, the dietary P was mainly phytic. Pigs fed the control diet, in contrast to those fed the diet containing rye bran, developed a P deficiency, as indicated by hypophosphatemia, hypophosphaturia, hyperhydroxyprolinuria, hypercalcemia, and hypercalciuria. Phosphorus from the rye bran diet was more completely absorbed (55 vs 36%) and retained (50 vs 36%) than that from the control diet. Calcium absorption was equal for the two diets, but Ca retention was higher in pigs fed rye bran than in controls. Pigs fed the rye bran diet showed greater bone density, ash content, and bending moments than controls. In conclusion, high dietary phytase levels or phytase-rich by-products increased phytate P availability and consequently improved bone scores.
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PMID:Enhancement of phosphorus utilization in growing pigs fed phytate-rich diets by using rye bran. 164 62

In rats on normal intakes of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D3, 3,000 and 7,500 IU of vitamin D3 were injected on the 10th day of pregnancy and the pups were investigated for the skeletal growth on 28th day of age. Compared to controls, the pups in the supplemented groups showed significantly greater dry weight and ash weight of the tibiae. However, the ash weight/dry bone weight ratios in the supplemented groups were not different from controls. Histological examination of the upper ends of decalcified tibiae and plasma calcium estimations revealed no abnormality in any group. The results suggest that vitamin D3 supplementation in pregnancy enhances the skeletal growth of the pups which involves both the organic and inorganic components.
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PMID:Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on the neonatal skeletal growth in the rat. 165 64

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of zeolites on laying hens (Experiments 1 and 2) and broiler chickens (Experiment 3). Each experiment used corn and soybean meal-based practical diets. Experiment 1 was a 90-day trial and used 200 40-wk-old laying hens. The basal diet contained 2.75% calcium and .7% total phosphorus. The dietary treatments were the basal diet and the basal diet plus 1.5% synthetic zeolite (SZ; Ethacal). Experiment 2 was a 56-day trial and used 360 36-wk-old laying hens. The dietary treatments were .12, .22, .32, and .42% nonphytin phosphorus with and without 1.0% SZ and 1.0% natural zeolite (NZ; Zar-Min). All diets contained 3.5% calcium. Experiment 3 utilized 240 broiler cockerels from 1 to 16 days. The dietary treatments were two calcium levels (.65 and 1.0%) with and without 1.0% supplementary SZ and NZ. In Experiment 1, egg specific gravity was significantly increased with SZ supplementation. Egg weight and egg production were unaffected. Phytin phosphorus retention and plasma dialyzable phosphorus were significantly reduced by SZ. In Experiment 2, egg specific gravity was not affected by SZ or NZ. Egg weight, egg production, plasma dialyzable phosphorus, and the retention of phosphorus and phytin phosphorus were significantly reduced by SZ with the effect on egg weight and egg production being the most severe at the lower levels of dietary nonphytin phosphorus. Natural zeolite had no effect on egg weight, egg production, plasma calcium, plasma phosphorus, or on the retention of calcium, phosphorus, and phytin phosphorus. In Experiment 3, weight gain and percentage tibia bone ash were significantly reduced by SZ. The SZ had no effect on the incidence and severity of tibial dyschondroplasia. Weight gain, feed efficiency, and the incidence and severity of tibial dyschondroplasia were significantly reduced and the percentage bone ash significantly increased by 1.0% calcium. Natural zeolite significantly improved feed efficiency and had no effect on any other parameter measured.
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PMID:Comparison of the effects of synthetic and natural zeolite on laying hen and broiler chicken performance. 165 93

In lactating rats consuming a commercial diet adequate in calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D, the effect of supplementation of 3000 IU and 7,500 IU of vitamin D3 on the lactational performance of the dams and soft tissue and skeletal growth in the pups has been investigated. On 28th day of age, the pups in the supplemented groups were significantly heavier than in the control group. Study of the indices of cellular growth in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle revealed that the increase in the soft tissue weight was due to a significant increase in protein, RNA and DNA contents (cellular hyperplasia) without any change in protein/DNA ratio (cell size). In the tibia, compared to controls, the dry bone weight and ash weight were more in the supplemented groups, but ash weight/dry bone weight ratio was not altered. The improvement in the neonatal growth was most probably due to the greater milk yield observed in the dams in supplemented groups and not due to any anabolic effect in the pups since direct administration of 500 IU or 1,000 IU of vitamin D3 in 10 day old pups did not increase their body weight.
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PMID:Effect of vitamin D supplementation in lactating rats on the neonatal growth. 166 48

Two trials were conducted to determine the utilization of manganese (Mn) as influenced by the level and source of Mn and the level of dietary calcium (Ca) in broiler chickens. Trial One was a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of two Mn sources (Mn methionine or manganous oxide), two levels of dietary Ca (1.8 or 1.0), and three levels of supplemental Mn (30, 60, or 200 mg/kg) fed until 4 wk of age. Total phosphorus (available phosphorus) levels were 0.70% (0.48%) during all ages. High levels of dietary Ca caused a slower early rate of growth (0.53 vs. 0.64 kg) for chicks fed 1.8 vs 1.0% Ca, respectively. Chick weight was equivalent for all diets within the Ca-treatment group, except the dietary combination of high Ca and 200 mg/kg Mn as Mn methionine. Bone and liver Mn were significantly increased as the Mn level increased, but were not affected by the Mn source. Chicks fed 1.8% Ca had higher levels of bone Mn (9.28 ppm) than chicks fed 1.0% Ca (7.23 ppm). High levels of dietary Ca and 200 ppm Mn methionine dramatically depressed early growth, feed intake, and bone ash in this trial, raising the question of a diet x environment (heat-stress) effect. Trial Two was a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of two levels of dietary Ca (1.8 or 1.0%) and two Mn sources (200 mg/kg Mn as Mn methionine or MnO) up to 3 wk of age in a controlled heat-stress environment. No growth depression in the chicks fed high levels of Ca and Mn methionine was observed. In the presence of high levels of dietary Ca, bone Mn was significantly higher when chicks were fed the MnO source. In summary, dietary Ca did not decrease Mn utilization in these trials, and availability of Mn in Mn methionine as a source compared to MnO depended on dietary Ca levels.
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PMID:Interaction of dietary calcium, manganese, and manganese source (Mn oxide or Mn methionine complex) on chick performance and manganese utilization. 172 5

Estrogen treatment of ovariectomized, lactating rats improved retention of bone mineral mass by 15-25% compared to ovariectomized, lactating rats receiving vehicle only. On the second day postpartum all lactating rats were ovariectomized and were placed along with age-matched non-mated controls on a whole-wheat flour-based diet with 0.1% calcium and 0.4% phosphorus. On day 6 postpartum estrogen treatment was begun with either implantation of a slow-release 17 beta-estradiol pellet or with the first of daily subcutaneous injections in sesame oil (vehicle). Increasing doses of estrogen resulted in decreased food consumption and decreased litter weight gain, both well-known effects of estrogens. Ovariectomized, lactating rats implanted with a slow-release pellet containing 0.35 mg 17 beta-estradiol had mean serum estradiol levels of 113.5 pg/ml. At the end of 21 days of lactation, femurs of dams with placebo pellets showed loss of 54% of bone ash weight compared with the non-mated controls versus only 42% loss by rats receiving estradiol treatment. Rats were also injected with estradiol benzoate in a sesame oil vehicle at 3 dose levels of 1.6, 5, or 16 micrograms/day. Only the 5 and 16 micrograms/day doses significantly improved retention of bone mineral mass during lactation (+17% and +18%, respectively, vs vehicle-injected, lactating rats). Estrone administered by subcutaneous injection also improved retention of bone during lactation; however, injection of 50 micrograms/day of estrone was required to produce an equivalent bone retention compared to 5 micrograms/day of estradiol. Thus, treatment of ovariectomized, lactating rats with estrogens results in a significant reduction of the loss of bone mineral mass associated with lactation.
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PMID:Estrogens reduce bone loss in the ovariectomized, lactating rat model. 174 66

This study evaluated the effect of sometribove (zinc methionyl bST) in a sustained-release formulation administered to lactating cows at concentrations up to 3.0 g every 14 d over two lactations. Eighty-two lactating Holstein cows in their first, second, or third lactation were assigned to the study. Cows received .6, 1.8, or 3.0 g of bST in one, three, or five intramuscular injections of a unit dose (.6 g) every 2 wk. Controls received five injections of the vehicle (equivalent volume to the 3.0-g treatment) every 2 wk. Injections were administered from 60 +/- 3 d postpartum until dry-off or necropsy. Thirty-eight animals were continued on treatment for a second consecutive lactation. During the 1st yr of treatment, bST increased mean 3.5% FCM by 7.2, 9.4, and 8.4 kg/d over control production (21.1 kg/d). During the 2nd yr, milk response to .6, 1.8, and 3.0 g of bST averaged 10.6, 3.6, and 4.9 kg/d over controls (24.8 kg/d). The incidence of clinical mastitis increased in the 3.0-g group relative to controls during the 2nd yr. Thus, salable FCM averaged 8.1, 9.1, and 6.2 kg/d above controls (yr 1) and 12.1, 4.7, and -2.8 kg/d (yr 2) for the .6-, 1.8-, and 3.0-g groups. Salable FCM was unaffected by mastitis at a proposed commercial dose (.6 g). Milk fat, protein, lactose, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, and ash concentrations were unaffected by bST treatment. Calculated energy, calcium, phosphorus, and protein balances also were unaffected except for early decreases of up to 5 Mcal/d, and 40, 20, and 600 g/d, respectively, until feed intake increased. Milk serum bST concentrations greater than the assay limit of sensitivity (1 ng/ml) were routinely measurable only at doses of 1.8 and 3.0 g. Results confirmed that bST concentrations in milk serum are exceedingly small. Overall, supraphysiological doses of sometribove increased milk production with little effect on composition. No toxic effects of bST were observed.
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PMID:Response of dairy cows to high doses of a sustained-release bovine somatotropin administered during two lactations. 1. Production response. 175 23


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