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Weanling male rats were fed for 24 days on a meat diet. Some received supplements of CaCO3, but others did not. For the final 14 days of the experiment some of the rats were given massive doses of retinol as retinyl acetate, but others were undosed. Some of the rats not given retinol had their food intakes paired with those given retinol. Skeletal examinations were made by radiography, and postmortem by measurement of the femur ash contents. The meat diet regularly reduced the femur ash to about half its normal level, but the CaCO3 supplements prevented any reduction. Skeletal fractures occurred consistently in all the rats given retinol, and with little if any difference in severity between the Ca-deficient and Ca-supplemented animals. Histological studies confirmed the accumulation of abnormal amounts of lipid round the liver Kupffer cells in hypervitaminosis A. Chemical estimations of liver fat gave higher values for the retinol-dosed animals than for their controls on paired food intakes. For control rats on unrestricted food intakes, however, higher values than for the retinol-dosed animals were found, but without lipid depositions round the Kupffer cells.
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PMID:Hypervitaminosis A combined with calcium deficiency in rats. 44 48

1. Day-old chicks were fed a diet containing one mg of retinyl acetate per kg feed. One group was treated with 18.300 mug retinyl acetate/100 g of body weight/week, whereas the other group served as control. Retinol treatment did not affect weight gain during a 4-weeks observation period. 2. At the end of this period the animals were killed and epiphyseal cartilage of the tibiotarsus examined. Retinol excess decreased ash and hydroxyproline and increased glycosaminoglycans and uronic acid in dry, fat-free cartilage. Sialic acid and hexosamine contents of glycosaminoglycans were elevated without a great change in the proportion of glucosamine and galactosamine. 3. Activity of 5 enzymes degrading glycosaminoglycans was not affected by retinol excess. 4. In hypervitaminotic chicks, uptake of injected radiosulphate by cartilage tissue and incorporation into glycosaminoglycans were enhanced and breakdown retarded.
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PMID:Effect of hypervitaminoisis A on composition of chick cartilage. 118 97

One hundred patients with prostate cancer and two different control series [100 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients and 100 general hospital patients] were matched to each other upon hospital admittance, age (+/- 3 years) and date of admission (+/- 3 months), and directly interviewed during admission from 1981 to 1984 in Kyoto, Japan. Major dietary findings derived from a quantitative food frequency technique for estimating usual diet are as follows. (a) The smaller the dietary intake of beta-carotene and vitamin A as well, the higher the risk, with a highly significant linear trend. From the beta-carotene analyses, the relative risk (95% confidence interval) for the lowest intake quartile relative to the highest was 2.10 (0.98-4.47) for the uncorrected intake, 2.35 (1.08-5.12) for the intake per kg, and 2.94 (1.34-6.44) for the intake per kcal in the comparison with BPH patients; 2.88 (1.31-6.32), 2.56 (1.14-5.76), and 3.50 (1.52-8.06), respectively, in the comparison with hospital controls. The corresponding relative risk obtained from the vitamin A analyses was 2.82 (1.30-6.14), 2.64 (1.24-5.60), and 3.29 (1.47-7.35) in due order in the comparison with BPH patients; 2.69 (1.22-5.94), 4.78 (1.98-11.52), and 3.50 (1.52-8.06) in the comparison with hospital controls. (b) beta-Carotene as well as vitamin A contained in green/yellow vegetables were significantly protective, and those in seaweeds and kelp suggestively protective. But those in fruits appeared to enhance the risk. (c) The risk reduction by dietary beta-carotene and vitamin A was significant in the older men (70-79 years), but not in the younger men (50-69 years). (d) Total energy intake and the dietary intake of fat, protein, carbohydrate, water, fiber, ash, such vitamins as retinol, B1, B2, C, and niacin, and such minerals as calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, and iron were not linked with prostate cancer risk. (e) A protective effect of dietary beta-carotene and vitamin A against prostate cancer could be related to the low overall fat intake in Japan.
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PMID:Dietary beta-carotene and cancer of the prostate: a case-control study in Kyoto, Japan. 244 78

1. The effects of supplementary beta-carotene (BC) at 0, 1.5, 15, 150, 1500 or 15,000 mg/kg diet on performance, incidence of leg problems, tibia ash, and plasma and liver concentration of BC and retinol of poults to 4 weeks of age were studied. 2. Body weight and food intake increased with dietary BC supplementation. Incidence of leg problems was not affected but tibia ash increased with BC supplementation. Plasma and liver BC and liver retinol increased with dietary BC but plasma retinol was not affected. 3. The effects of 0, 1.5, 15 or 150 mg BC/kg in diets containing either 30 or 60 g added fat/kg and either 1.2 or 12.0 mg retinol/kg on the above properties were studied in poults to 4 weeks of age. 4. Performance was not significantly affected by dietary fat. Efficiency of utilisation of food was depressed by the higher concentration of retinol. At 3 weeks of age birds given BC had fewer leg problems and higher tibia ash values than the control birds. Liver BC and retinol and plasma BC concentration increased with dietary BC. By 4 weeks, plasma and liver BC was higher and liver retinol was lower for birds given 1.2 compared with those given 12.0 mg/kg of retinol.
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PMID:Beta-carotene supplementation of turkey diets varying in fat and retinol. 262 66

Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary zeolites on tibial dyschondroplasia in chicks. All studies used a practical-type corn-soybean meal diet and male broiler chicks from 1 day to 14 or 16 days of age. Vitamin A was added to the diet in the first experiment at levels of 0 or 45,000 IU/kg in addition to full or half required levels of vitamin premix, and in the second experiment at levels of 0, 11,250, 22,500 and 45,000 IU/kg in addition to full requirement levels of vitamin premix. This was done in order to determine if vitamin levels affected expression of tibial dyschondroplasia and, if so, if this expression could be influenced by 1.0% dietary zeolite. A high level of dietary vitamin A caused a lower incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in Experiment 1 but had no effect in Experiment 2. Zeolite at graded levels of 0, .25, .50, and 1.0% in Experiment 3 and at the 1.0% level in all other experiments consistently caused a higher bone ash and a lower incidence and number of birds exhibiting severe tibial dyschondroplasia. The addition of zeolite to the diet generally had no effect on body weight or gain:feed ratio but reduced tibial dyschondroplasia scores in two of the four experiments. In Experiment 4, the addition of dietary zeolite increased 47Ca absorption but did not influence biological half-life.
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PMID:Effects of dietary zeolite and vitamin A on tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. 283 41

Six mouse size categories, and four rat sizes were analysed. Vitamin E concentration was similar among all mice classes (mean = 43.8 +/- 13.4 IU/kg dry). Rat pinkies contained 470.4 +/- 158.7 IU/kg dry while older rat size classes did not differ (mean = 138.0 +/- 67.2 IU/kg dry). Vitamin A concentrations increased with age in both mice and rats, from approximately 16,700 IU/kg (crawler mice) to approximately 300,000 IU/kg in adults (dry matter basis). Fuzzy and crawler mice did not differ nutritionally; proximate composition in mice was similar to previously reported data for rodents. Rat proximate composition did not differ among any size category (13% ash, 28% crude fat, 56% crude protein), except water decreased with age (79-65%).
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PMID:Vitamins E and A, and proximate composition of whole mice and rats used as feed. 790 67

Groups of weanling pigs (5 castrated males, 5 females per group) were fed purified diets containing the NRC's requirements for nutrients and 0, 1.1, 4.4 or 7.7% olestra for 12 wk. Graded concentrations of vitamins A, D2 and E were added at each olestra concentration. The primary purpose of the study was to establish relationships between dietary concentration of olestra and the amounts of vitamins A, D2 and E needed to restore tissue concentrations of these vitamins to control concentrations. A secondary purpose was to confirm that olestra does not affect the status of vitamin K or water-soluble nutrients. Liver concentrations of vitamins A, E and B12, iron and zinc and bone concentrations of ash, zinc, calcium and phosphorus, were measured in a group of pigs killed at the start of the study and in all pigs killed at wk 12. Growth, feed efficiency, hematology, clinical chemistry, blood concentrations of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, 25-hydroxyergocalciferol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, folate, iron, total iron-binding capacity, zinc and calcium and adipose concentration of vitamin E were measured at 4-wk intervals. Prothrombin time was measured weekly for the control and 7.7% olestra groups, monthly for others. Relationships derived from measured tissue concentrations of vitamins A and E showed that constant amounts of the vitamins were required per unit mass of olestra in the diet to restore tissue concentrations to control values. Such a relationship could not be determined for vitamin D because exposure of the pigs to UV light resulted in an apparent interaction between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. Olestra did not affect growth, digestible feed efficiency, vitamin K status or the status of the water-soluble micronutrients, in agreement with other studies in the pig.
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PMID:Olestra's effect on the status of vitamins A, D and E in the pig can be offset by increasing dietary levels of these vitamins. 923 57

The preparation of the recently released Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2383 Baby Food Composite and the process used for value assignment of nutrient concentrations are reported. SRM 2383 can be used as a control material when assigning values to in-house control materials and when validating analytical methods for measuring proximates, vitamins, and minerals in baby food and similar matrixes. The SRM was prepared as a commercial baby food would be prepared, with the same ingredients. The Certificate of Analysis for SRM 2383 provides assigned values for concentrations of proximates, vitamins, and minerals for which product labeling is required by the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990. These assigned values were based on measurements by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and/or collaborating laboratories. Assignment of analyte concentrations based solely on analyses by collaborating laboratories is described in this paper. Certified values are provided for retinol, tocopherols, and several carotenoids including total beta-carotene; the certification of and methodology used for measurement of these analytes is discussed in a companion paper (this issue, page 288). Reference values are provided for solids, ash, fat, nitrogen, protein, carbohydrate, calories, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, niacin, biotin, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, sodium, potassium, and chloride. Reference values for additional carotenoids are reported in the companion paper (this issue, page 288). Information values are provided for iodine, selenium, molybdenum, vitamin D, vitamin B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, choline, inositol, sugars, total dietary fiber, and 3 classes of fats.
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PMID:Preparation of Standard Reference Material 2383 (Baby Food Composite) and use of an interlaboratory comparison exercise for value assignment of its nutrient concentrations. 1019 34

Chemical composition and nutritional quality of five Saudi dishes based on legumes were evaluated. On fresh weight basis, the dishes contained 35.3-78.1% moisture, 4.4-10.2% protein (NX6.25), 1.2-19.1% fat, 8.0-24.8% carbohydrates, 2.4-7.7% dietary fibre, 1.4-2.9% ash and 71-311 Kcal (297-1301 KJ) per 100 g dish. The contents of vitamin A (retinol equivalent), thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin C ranged from 85-378 micrograms, 0.01-0.12 mg, 0.02-0.46 mg and 0.3-1.2 mg per 100 g respectively. The mineral contents (mg/100 g) were calcium 2.1-22.1, phosphorus 49.1-330.3, iron 1.1-13.3, sodium 348.3-1356.9, and potassium 119.1-624.8. The dishes contributed 13-25%, 15-64% and 16-60% of the total food energy from protein, fat and carbohydrates respectively. Most of the dishes were good sources of dietary fibre, vitamin A and iron.
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PMID:Nutritional evaluation of some legume-based dishes consumed in Saudi Arabia. 1061 60

Immediate steps in the treatment of ureteral stone, beginning with the often acute onset, are relief of pain, urinalysis (including Gram stain), forcing fluids, examination of urine for the stone and urography at the earliest feasible time. If the stone causes continual pain or appears unlikely to be passed safely, it should be removed-with a cystoscope if possible; if not, by operation which may be done while the patient is still under anesthesia. To combat further stone formation a large fluid intake should be maintained, the extracted stone analyzed, an acid ash diet prescribed, serum calcium and phosphorus measured, urinary stasis corrected and urinary infection and distant foci of infection cured. Vitamin A, aluminum gels and particularly hyaluronidase appear promising as preventives to stone formation.
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PMID:Management of patients with ureteral stone. 1301 10


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