Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A complete and authentic picture of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the milk of Homo sapiens is presented. Older original references are reexamined along with data prublished during the last 2 decades. Mature human milk is made up of 3%-5% fat, 0.8%-0.0% protein, 6.9%-7.2% carbohydrate calculated as lactose, and 0.2% mineral constituents expressed as ash. The energy content is 60-75 kcal/100ml. Protein content is considerably higher and carbohydrate content lower in colostrum than in mature milk. Fat content does not vary consistently during lactation but exhibits large diurnal variations and increases during the course of each nursing. Race, age, parity, or diet fail to have a great affect on milk composition. There is no consistent compositional difference between milks from the 2 breasts unless 1 breast is infected. The principal proteins of human milk are a casein homologous to bovine B-casein, a-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin IgA, lysozyme, and serum albumin. Lactose is the principal sugar of human milk. Human milk fat is characterized by high contents of palmitic and oleic acids, the former heavily concentrated in the 2-position and the latter in the 1- and 3-positions of the triglycerides. The principal mineral constituents of human milk are Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, and C1. About 25% of the total nitrogen of human milk represents nonprotein compounds. These include urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and a large number of amino acids.
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PMID:The composition of human milk. 39 66

Thirty castrated crossbreed lambs of 4 months age were divided into three groups. DES pellets (6 mg) were implanted subcutaneously in lambs of groups II and III, respectively at 4 and 7 months of age whereas those in group I served as controls. The lambs were fed on a dry fattening ration during a period of 29 weeks after which two lambs of each group were slaughtered and three lambs were also used in nitrogen balance studies. The body gains of lambs implanted with DES at 4 months of age were the highest. The growth promoting effect of the hormone in these lambs was significant during a period of 13 weeks after the implantation. The dietary nitrogen retained by treated lamb was significantly higher. The dressing percentage and weights of wholesale cuts in lambs implanted with DES were similar to those of control lambs. However, the percentage of meat in the lambs treated at 4 months of age was the highest. The protein and moisture contents of the tenth rib of these lambs were greater and the fat contents were lower than in the control animals. No DES residual activity was ever noted in the livers of slaughtered lambs. Effect of DES Implantation on Body Components. Six 2 year old Egyptian rams were used in a 2-month experiment, the duration being divided into three successive intervals. The 1st period served as a control. At the beginning of the 2nd period, DES was implanted subcutaneously. Total body water was measured using tritiated water, total muscle mass was determined by the creatinine excretion during 24 hrs, lean body mass, body rat, and nitrogen balance, were measured during the last 5 days of each experimental period. DES implantation increased the body weight of the ram by 10.4% and caused no significant change in total body water, body ash, or total muscle mass. However, body fat increased significantly. The efficiency of nitrogen utilization also increased significantly although nitrogen intake did not change. The maximum effects of DES were observed at the end of the second experimental period. Effect of Some Estrogens on Rumen Metabolism. Three DES treated and three untreated cross bred Egyptian rams were used for studying the effect of DES on rumen microorganisms. Ruminal activity, judged by the diurnal concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia-N determined 3 and 6 weeks after DES implantation, was greater in treated animals. When rumen contents from fistulated sheep were incubated in vitro with stilbestrol dipropionate (SDP), DES, and Estradiol dipropionate (EDP), a significant increase in the number and size of rumen ciliate protozoa was observed. The extent of increase varied according to the type and concentrations of added hormones and type of rumen protozoa. Further in vitro experiments indicated that the addition of DES, SDP, and EDP promoted the fermentation of starch by washed suspensions of mixed populations of ciliate protozoa. EDP seemed to show the greatest effect in stimulating VFA production by the protozoal cells.
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PMID:Application of synthetic estrogen in sheep. 82 49

The effect of supplementing grass silage with fishmeal on growth, muscle composition and the rate of muscle protein synthesis was investigated in young Friesian steers with and without oestradiol implants. The effect of the beta-adrenergic agonist cimaterol was simultaneously investigated in animals fed on silage alone. Treatments lasted for 9 or 10 weeks. Fishmeal supplementation significantly increased animal growth rates (P less than 0.001) and the weights of three dissected muscles (P less than 0.001) compared with the silage-fed controls. These effects were further enhanced in animals also implanted with oestradiol. Muscle weights expressed as a proportion of body-weight were increased by fishmeal, suggesting that protein deposition had been enhanced. No further increase in the proportional muscle weights was obtained with oestradiol. Muscle dry matter content tended to be increased in both implanted and non-implanted animals receiving fishmeal compared with controls, but the proportions of protein, fat and ash were relatively constant. The intramuscular lipid composition was slightly altered by fishmeal. Muscle protein fractional synthetic rates (FSR), measured by continuous infusion of [3H]tyrosine, were increased by fishmeal in all three muscles of both implanted and non-implanted animals. There were no differences, however, due to oestradiol, over non-implanted fishmeal animals. This suggests that oestradiol may increase muscle accretion by reducing protein degradation rate. Cimaterol significantly increased longissimus dorsi (P less than 0.05) and vastus lateralis (P less than 0.01) muscle weights but had no effect on semitendinosus muscle weight or live-weight gain. The proportion of protein was increased (P less than 0.001) and the fat content reduced (P less than 0.05) in all three muscles but intramuscular lipid composition was not markedly affected. Whilst methylhistidine: creatinine excretion was reduced by cimaterol, FSR were increased in the l. dorsi and v. lateralis muscles suggesting beta-agonists have effects on both protein synthesis and protein degradation.
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PMID:Nutritional and endocrinological manipulation of lean deposition in forage-fed steers. 168 23

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is associated with obvious hemodynamic and blood purification advantages over intermittent hemodialysis. To determine whether this is reflected in favorable left ventricular (LV) structure and function, a group of 55 normotensive patients (aged 58.4 +/- 11.0 years) undergoing CAPD was analyzed by means of echocardiography. Characteristic findings were LV hypertrophy (158 +/- 50 gm/m2), mainly the result of septal thickening (13.3 +/- 2.8 mm), and left atrial dilatation (40.9 +/- 7.4 mm). Mean LV diameter in end diastole and end systole and posterior wall thickness were normal. Parameters of LV systolic function (ejection fraction [EF]: 62.0 +/- 13.0%; velocity of circumferential fiber shortening [Vcf]: 1.58 +/- 0.46 circ/sec) were in the upper normal range at a hyperdynamic circulatory state (cardiac index [CI] 4.67 +/- 1.82 L/min/m2. The amount of LV hypertrophy was related to the amount of hypercirculation (CI: p less than 0.001; hemoglobin: p less than 0.025) and quality of blood purification (creatinine, urea: p less than 0.02) but not to blood pressure, age, or duration of dialysis. Left atrial dilatation was inversely related to LV systolic function (EF, Vcf: p less than 0.001) and directly related to LV muscle mass (p less than 0.02). A low prevalence (13%) of pericardial effusion was independent of blood purification. We conclude that in normotensive patients receiving CAPD, a high prevalence of left atrial dilatation and asymmetric septal hypertrophy is found, the latter being related both to the amount of hypercirculation and the quality of blood purification.
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PMID:Cardiac structure and function in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: influence of blood purification and hypercirculation. 230 Dec 24

The effect of chronic alcohol consumption on the skeleton was investigated in rats. The treated group received ethanol administered as 38% of caloric intake in a liquid diet (Sustacal) for 10 months. The control rats were pair weighted to the ethanol-treated animals throughout the study; the growth curves of the two groups were the same. The controls were given the same liquid diet except that dextrin:maltose (3:1) was substituted isocalorically for ethanol. Ethanol-treated rats did not differ from the pair-weighted controls in mean serum calcium, phosphorous, or creatinine. In contrast, serum magnesium was reduced (p less than 0.02) in alcohol-treated rats. Ethanol treatment also resulted in changes in the serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites; serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was increased (p less than 0.001), while serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was decreased (p less than 0.01). Tibial length was reduced in ethanol-treated rats (p less than 0.05) but there was no change in femoral length. Medullary area was increased in tibial diaphyses from alcohol-treated rats compared to weight matched control animals (p less than 0.01), indicating a net increase in resorption. The cross-sectional area of the tibial diaphysis of ethanol-treated rats was the same as the matched controls. Trabecular bone was decreased in the tibial metaphysis of ethanol-treated rats compared to the matched controls (p less than 0.05) indicating a net loss of trabecular bone. Ethanol treatment did not have an effect on the organic weight of the femur but the ash weight was reduced (p less than 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Chronic alcohol treatment results in disturbed vitamin D metabolism and skeletal abnormalities in rats. 327 49

We have observed a high incidence (36.4%) of asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH), detected with the use of M-mode (MME) and two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE), in normotensive patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis without signs of cardiac diseases. ASH was detected by conventional MME in 11 cases and was confirmed with the use of 2DE in 8 cases showing a diagnostic concordance of 72.7% between the two methods. After dialysis the MME study of the left ventricular (LV) performance showed an evident impairment of cardiac index (CI) due to reduction of LV volume in addition to an abnormality of septal function. The presence of ASH does not impair the percentage of fractional shortening (FS%), the mean circumferential shortening (mean Vcf) and the ejection fraction (EF%), probably because of a compensatory performance of the LV posterior wall. Predialysis serum creatinine and fasting triglycerides have been found significantly higher in the group with ASH. ASH may be considered as a focal and early form of myocardial involvement in uremic patients on regular hemodialytic treatment.
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PMID:Asymmetric septal hypertrophy in uremic-normotensive patients on regular hemodialysis. An M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic study. 396 88

Sympathetic activity has been evaluated in 23 chronic uremic normotensive patients on long-term hemodialysis. M-mode and bidimensional echocardiographic finding of asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) was shown in seven (30.4%). Sympathetic function was assessed by determining arterial plasma norepinephrine (plasma NE) and epinephrine (plasma E) in supine and upright positions, both before and after dialysis. After dialysis standing caused a significant increase in plasma NE levels in the patients with ASH in comparison to the patients without ASH and the control group. A significant decrease in mean blood pressure (mBP) and a sharp heart rate (HR) increase were detected in the patients without ASH, whereas mBP and HR were unchanged in the patients with ASH. Predialysis serum creatinine and fasting triglycerides were found to be significantly higher in the group with ASH. These results suggest that sympathetic overactivity may play a role in the development of interventricular septum hypertrophy. This increased neurosympathetic responsiveness is probably related to the counteraction of the postural dialysis-induced hypotension.
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PMID:Asymmetric septal hypertrophy and sympathetic overactivity in normotensive hemodialyzed patients. 403 42

The effect of different ratios of the prostaglandin precursors gamma-linolenic (GLA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids on bone status in growing rats measured as a function of free urinary pyridinium crosslinks and hydroxyproline levels was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were weaned onto an essential fatty acid deficient diet and from their fifth week, different groups of rats received a balanced, semisynthetic diet, supplemented with different ratios of GLA:EPA supplied as a mixture of evening primrose oil (EPO) and fish oil (FO). Controls were supplemented with linoleic (LA; sunflower oil) and alpha-linolenic (ALA; linseed oil) acids (3:1) or a commercially available rat chow. Animals were terminated at 84 days and femur length, ash weight, calcium content, free urinary pyridinium crosslinks (Pyd and Dpyd), total hydroxyproline (Hyp), and creatinine levels measured. Free urinary Pyd and Dpyd are good indicators of bone status and they correlated well with Hyp. Pyd and Dpyd excretion were significantly decreased in the higher GLA:EPA dietary groups and correlated well (r = 0.7) with Hyp levels. Concomitantly, bone calcium content increased significantly in the same dietary groups. These results suggest that diet supplementation with relatively high GLA:EPA ratios are more effective in inhibiting bone resorption than LA:ALA.
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PMID:Supplemented gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid influence bone status in young male rats: effects on free urinary collagen crosslinks, total urinary hydroxyproline, and bone calcium content. 762 28

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of fluid and salt supplementation in preventing the development of osteopenia in 150 Wistar male rats (370-390 g) after exposure to 90-days of hypokinesia. They were divided into three equal groups: 1st placed under ordinary vivarium conditions (vivarium control animals); 2nd subjected to hypokinesia (unsupplemented hypokinetic animals, HK); and 3rd submitted again to HK and daily supplemented with water (5 ml/100 g b.w.) and NaCl at 0.9 g % (3 ml/100 g b.w.) orally administered (supplemented hypokinetic animals). The hypokinetic effect was carried out by keeping the rats in small individual wood cages which restricted all their movements without hindering feed and water intake. Determination was made of weight and volume of their entire bone, head and distal epiphysis, as well as density, ash and mineral content. Thickness of the cortical layer and width of the bone marrow canal were measured on frontal and lateral x-ray projections. Histological transverse sections of the femoral diaphysis were prepared from the femoral bone fragments. The concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and creatinine in serum were also measured. The results obtained indicate that the daily administration of fluid and salt supplementation inhibited the progressive development of osteopenia in rats subjected to prolonged restriction of motor activity.
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PMID:Effect of fluid and salt supplementation in preventing osteopenia in rats after exposure to hypokinesia. 775 67

It has been suggested that calcium citrate might enhance aluminum absorption from food, posing a threat of aluminum toxicity even in patients with normal renal function. We therefore measured serum and urinary aluminum before and following calcium citrate therapy in patients with moderate renal failure and in normal subjects maintained on constant metabolic diets with known aluminum content (967-1034 mumol/day, or 26.1-27.9 mg/day, in patients and either 834 or 1579 mumol/day, or 22.5 and 42.6 mg/day, in normal subjects). Seven patients with moderate renal failure (endogenous creatinine clearance of 43 ml/min) took 50 mmol (2 g) calcium/day as effervescent calcium citrate with meals for 17 days. Eight normal women received 25 mmol (1 g) calcium/day as tricalcium dicitrate tablets with meals for 7 days. In patients with moderate renal failure, serum and urinary aluminum were normal before treatment at 489 +/- 293 SD nmol/l (13.2 +/- 7.9 micrograms/l) and 767 +/- 497 nmol/day (20.7 +/- 13.4 micrograms/day), respectively. They remained within normal limits and did not change significantly during calcium citrate treatment (400 +/- 148 nmol/l and 600 +/- 441 nmol/day, respectively). Similarly, no significant change in serum and urinary aluminum was detected in normal women during calcium citrate administration (271 +/- 59 vs 293 +/- 85 nmol/l and 515 +/- 138 vs 615 +/- 170 nmol/day, respectively). In addition, skeletal bone aluminum content did not change significantly in 14 osteoporotic patients (endogenous creatinine clearance of 68.5 ml/min) treated for 24 months with calcium citrate, 10 mmol calcium twice/day separately from meals (29.3 +/- 13.9 ng/mg ash bone to 27.9 +/0- 10.4, P = 0.727). In them, histomorphometric examination did not show any evidence of mineralization defect. Thus, calcium citrate given alone without aluminum-containing drugs does not pose a risk of aluminum toxicity in subjects with normal or functioning kidneys, when it is administered on an empty stomach at a recommended dose of 20 mmol calcium/day.
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PMID:Calcium citrate without aluminum antacids does not cause aluminum retention in patients with functioning kidneys. 845 25


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