Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0205700 (ash)
 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The mean bone pyrophosphate was 0.360 +/- 0.15 mg/g in 8 controls and 1.22 +/- 1.39 mg/g bone in 27 uremic patients (P less than 0.0025). 13 of the 27 uremic patients had bone pyrophosphate levels greater than 2 SD above control values. The ash content of uremic bones with increased pyrophosphate levels (group II) was 56 +/- 9% as compared to 64 +/- 2% in control bones (P less than 0.01) and 60 +/- 7% in uremic bones having normal pyrophosphate levels (P less than 0.1) (group I). The magnesium content of bones in group II was 338 +/- 47 as compared to 211 +/- 13 (P less than 0.0005) in the controls and 294 +/- 73 mmol/kg ash (P less than 0.05) in group I. In group II, but not group I, there was a significant inverse correlation between duration of dialysis and percent bone ash (r = -0.59) (P less than 0.05). A definite relationship existed between elevated bone pyrophosphate levels and soft tissue calcification. In group II the mean pulmonary calcium content was 530 +/- 459 as compared to 32 +/- 26 mmol/kg/ash in group I (P less than 0.0025). All patients with a bone pyrophosphate level greater than 1.4 mg/g bone had extensive pulmonary calcification. It is concluded that the excess bone pyrophosphate present in some uremic patients is either deposited in the apatite crystal in the transphosphorylated form or else as the magnesium salt since the pyrophosphate is resistant to pyrophosphatase and surface adsorption of pyrophosphate is not altered by the increased bone pyrophosphate levels. The excess bone pyrophosphate could disturb bone calcification mechanisms in uremic patients. The association between increased bone pyrophosphate and soft tissue calcification suggests that the disordered pyrophosphate metabolism may be important in the pathogenesis of extraosseous calcification.
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PMID:Bone pyrophosphate in uremia and its association with extraosseous calcification. 17 92

Five experiments were conducted in which various levels of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA or its salt, Na2NTA) disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA) and calcium (Ca) were fed to young chicks, young quail and adult quail. The duration of trials was from 1 to 28 days of age for chicks, 7 to 49 for young quail and 167 to 210 for adult quail. Feeding 0.71% NTA or an equimolar level of Na2NTA caused a moderate decrease in chicks weight and Na2EDTA caused a drastic decrease in body weight of chicks and adult quail. Feeding Na2EDTA caused greater mortality in chicks receiving a low Ca diet than a higher level of Ca. Plasma Ca levels were significantly increased by NTA in young quail and by Na2NTA in adult quail, in contrast, they were significantly decreased by Na2EDTA in adult quail. Dietary NTA promoted greater tibia mineralization (ash/dry matter) in growing chicks. Dietary NTA increased the deposition of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in the chicks tibia, but, it decreased magnesium (Mg). On the other hand, Na2EDTA caused a significant decrease in Zn and Fe in the chicks tibia and a significant increase in Mn. Coturnix are less sensitive than chickens in responding to dietary chelates.
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PMID:Effect of NTA and EDTA on calcium metabolism of chickens and Coturnix. 41 85

Foods produced by the modern Hopi Indians and prepared in traditional ways are generally good sources of essential minerals, especially if plant ash or native crude salt are added in preparation. The predominant whole grain, mature maize-corn products are relatively high in phytate, which may interfere with absorption of some of the minerals present. The use of culinary ash may have played a critical role in maintenance of nutritional health in the presence of interfering substances in the diet, especially if animal foods were in limited supply.
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PMID:Composition of traditional Hopi foods. 44 79

Detailed schemes are described for the preparation of purified methylene blue and azure B from commercial samples of methylene blue. Purified methylene blue is obtained by extracting a solution of the commercial product in an aqueous buffer (pH 9.5) with carbon tetrachloride. Methylene blue remains in the aqueous layer but contaminating dyes pass into the carbon tetrachloride. Metal salt contaminants are removed when the dye is crystallized by the addition of hydrochloric acid at a final concentration of 0.25 N. Purified azure B is obtained by extracting a solution of commercial methylene blue in dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide (pH 11-11.5) with carbon tetrachloride. In this pH range, methylene blue is unstable and yields azure B. The latter passes into the carbon tetrachloride layer as it is formed. Metal salt contaminants remain in the aqueous layer. A concentrated solution oa azure B is obtained by extracting the carbon tetrachloride layer with 4.5 X 10(-4)N hydrobromic acid. The dye is then crystallized by increasing the hydrobromic acid concentration to 0.23 N. Thin-layer chromatography of the purified dyes shows that contamination with related thiazine dyes is absent or negligible. Ash analyses reveal that metal salt contamination is also negligible (sulphated ash less than 0.2%).
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PMID:The purification of methylene blue and azure B by solvent extraction and crystallization. 122 56

To study the effect of contaminated rearing water of catfish (Clarias lazera) with lead acetate, lead chloride or aluminum chloride, 3 level of concentrations (10, 50 and 100 ppm) of each salt were added in the rearing water for 6 weeks. The results of this experiment confirmed the followings: Existence of deaths among fishes reared in water contaminated with the inorganic pollutants (PbCl2 and AlCl3) but not with the organic lead. The treatments led to pathological findings e.g. haemorrhages and congestion of the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. Protein content was decreased insignificantly (P greater than or equal to 0.05) than for the control. The decrease was accompanied with the elevation of contamination level, especially in the lead acetate treatment. The ether extract increased in the treated fish than in the control. The increase was related to the pollutant level especially in the PbCl2 and AlCl3 treatments (P less than or equal to 0.01). Gross energy, generally, increased slightly by the application of the pollutants than in the control fishes. Muscular contents of ash, calcium, magnesium, and lead were increased significantly than the control. The contents of Na, K (P less than or equal to 0.01) and P (P less than or equal to 0.05) decreased in the treated fishes.
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PMID:Effect on catfish (Clarias lazera) composition of ingestion rearing water contaminated with lead or aluminum compounds. 178 41

Longissimus muscle sections were excised from eight pork carcasses 1 h postmortem and sectioned into six .5-kg roasts to determine the effects of glucose, salt and polyphosphates (aqueous solution to 110% of fresh weight) on palatability of hot-boned pork. Treatments were hot-boned control (HB) with no infusion or infusions of 2% KCl and 3% of a 1:1 mixture of sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate (PP) plus either 8% NaCl; 2% glucose (G) plus 6% NaCl; 6% G plus 2% NaCl; or 8% G. Another muscle section was chilled at 0 degrees C for 24 h on each carcass as a cold-processed control (CP). The roasts were frozen until cooked and evaluated by a sensory panel. The infused groups were more tender, juicy and salty and higher in moisture and ash but lower in protein content than either the CP or HB controls (P less than .05). The fat content of the infused groups was lower than of the HB control but was not different from that of the CP control. Either 2% NaCl plus 6% G or equal amounts (4%) of NaCl and G produced the most tender and juicy product. The substitution of 4% glucose for NaCl not only reduced the NaCl content of the infusion solution, but also improved the palatability of the meat. This substitution allows production of a hot-boned, lower-sodium precooked pork that is tender and juicy.
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PMID:Effects of infused glucose, sodium and potassium chlorides and polyphosphates on palatability of hot-boned pork. 217 48

Magnesium (Mg) makes up 0.5-1% of bone ash and is therefore not a trace element in the skeleton. Mg influences both mineral and matrix metabolism in bone by a combination of effects on hormones and other factors that regulate skeletal and mineral metabolism, and by direct effects on bone itself. The skeletal content of Mg is very variable both between and within species, and reported values range between 150 and 440 mmol/kg ash weight (AW). Dietary Mg has a direct influence and age an inverse influence on skeletal Mg content. It is unclear whether skeletal Mg content varies from region to region. In humans, reported values cluster around the 200 mmol/kg AW level, 30-40% lower than most rat data. Human iliac crest cortical bone has 10-20% less Mg per unit weight than iliac crest trabecular bone. Mg depletion adversely affects all phases of skeletal metabolism. In the rat, cessation of bone growth is noted with a decrease in both osteoblast and osteoblast activity, decreased bone formation, osteopenia, increased fragility and development of a form of 'aplastic bone disease'. The epiphyseal growth plate is thinned and the percent ash weight of the growth plate is increased, possibly due to enhanced crystallization of bone salt under conditions of Mg depletion. In contrast, in chicks and in rats with severe Mg deficiency, these 'antianabolic' effects are not observed but instead, predominant inhibition of bone resorption occurs with increased cortical thickness rather than osteopenia, and the occasional development of subperiosteal hyperplasia or of fibrous tumors of the periosteum. It is probable that this unusual response under conditions of severe Mg deficiency is in part an indirect effect secondary to a defect in secretion and/or skeletal responsiveness to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D metabolites. Mg excess also has adverse biologic effects on bone. Crystallization of bone salt is severely impaired and an osteomalacia-like picture may be produced with decreased osteoblastic activity, widened growth plates, excessive osteoid seams and short, thickened bones. In some studies, especially in mice, Mg excess stimulates bone resorption, independently of PTH. The role of Mg deficiency and excess in human skeletal conditions requires more extensive investigation. Bone Mg is uniformly increased in renal insufficiency and may play a role in renal osteodystrophy since improvement has been noted in the osteomalacic component by normalizing the serum Mg. Decreased bone Mg has been reported in alcoholic patients, diabetes and in osteoporosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of magnesium on skeletal metabolism. 218 30

An analytical survey of fly ashes, bottom ashes and mixtures of the two for 36 elements, soluble salts and radioactivity was conducted. The ashes were taken from approximately one-fourth of the municipal solid waste incinerators presently operating in the United States. The concentrations of a number of toxic elements such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn in specific ashes were high. The levels of radioactivity were not significant from a health standpoint. A number of ashes were exceedingly high in organic matter, indicating grossly inadequate conditions during incineration. Soluble salt content was appreciable in the ashes. The possible sources of elements in refuse and their behavior and fate during refuse incineration are discussed with respect to their chemical forms and properties and incinerator operating parameters. Variability of metal concentrations in ash with time of sampling and their solubilization in landfills are also considered.
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PMID:National survey of elements and radioactivity in municipal incinerator ashes. 235 39

The available collaborative studies for standard methods of analysis for various constituents of milk and milk products were examined in an attempt to assign specific repeatability and reproducibility precision parameters to these methods. The different collaborative assays for the primary constituents (moisture/solids, fat, protein), the nutritionally important elements (calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus), and miscellaneous analytes/physical constants (ash, lactose, salt, freezing point) produced different estimates of the precision parameters for the same method. A suitable summary of the precision estimates from collaborative studies is given by the reproducibility relative standard deviation, RSDg, which is relatively constant within a product and permits comparisons across products. An estimate of the variation of RSDR for an analyte from a number of collaborative studies is presented in terms of the median and 90% interval (the range of the centermost 90% of values). These estimates are only informative when a substantial number of independent studies are available for pooling the independent estimates to form a distribution of RSDR values. The RSDR for the determination of the primary constituents of milk and milk products is characterized by a median RSDR of 1% and a 90% interval of 0.3-3%, with RSDR estimates occasionally occurring below 0.3% and above 4%. These overall estimates appear to be independent of analyte, matrix, and method and apply to concentrations of primary constituents that range from about 2 to 80%. The repeatability relative standard deviation, RSDr, is unstable, although it tends to converge to about 0.5-0.7 X RSDR. Too few collaborative assays are available to characterize RSDR for the determination of certain other constituents (acidity, ash, lactose, salt, and the nutritionally important elements) unless RSDR values for different analytes, methods, and matrixes are pooled on the basis of similar analyte concentrations. When pooled, the RSDR values are generally better than predicted from the Horwitz equation, RSDR (%) = 2 exp (1-0.5 log10C), where C is the concentration expressed as a decimal fraction; all but one of 661 RSDR values are within the upper empirical limit of twice this curve.
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PMID:Precision parameters of standard methods of analysis for dairy products. 280 41

Fly ash particles were collected from the precipitator of a power plant in Hong Kong and the hemolytic activity of the particles of the respirable range (smaller than 10 micron) was studied using a rat red blood cell assay system. It was revealed that coal-fired fly ash had a high hemolytic activity which was dose independent. The hemolysate changed from red to brownish-green. Chemical analyses, including scanning electron microscopy incorporated with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometry, and X-ray power diffractometry, showed that a considerable amount of calcium salt coated the surface of the particles. The high alkalinity of the calcium salt initially damaged the red blood cell membrane and then destroyed the hemoglobin molecules released from the damaged cells. This phenomenon only caused a discrepancy if the amount of hemoglobin which remained in the incubation medium was taken into account for the measurement of hemolytic activity of fly ash particles.
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PMID:Fly ash hemolysis as related to its alkalinity. 282 Jul 8


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