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 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Growth patterns of crude fat (cfat; ether extract), CP, ash, and water in White Leghorn pullets that ate ad libitum and restricted (feed or lysine) diets were analyzed by mono- and diphasic allometric functions, with plucked empty body mass (EBM) or fat-free EBM (FFEBM) as the independent variates. In general, the diphasic model provided a better fit to the data than the monophasic model, indicating that the allometric slope (beta) changes at a certain level of development. Data demonstrate that, under an ad libitum feeding regimen, cfat growth is proportionally (beta = 1) related to growth of the fat-free body, up to about 500 g FFEBM (pullets aged 8.5 wk). From 500 g FFEBM onwards, the beta changed to about 2, illustrating the late maturation of cfat compared to FFEBM. For feed-restricted groups, slopes and transitions for cfat growth varied from those of the control group, according to changes in dietary supply. Diphasic relationships between each fat-free body component and EBM in each treatment had different slopes for first and second phases (about 1 and 0.70). Differences, however, were mainly due to the diphasic growth pattern of cfat per se, and diminished largely if FFEBM instead of EBM was chosen as the independent variable (about 1 and 0.95). Incorrect statements on body component growth in restricted birds, due to the "masking" role of varying fat deposition rates, can be avoided if relative growth was expressed as a function of the fat-free body instead of BW or EBM. Diphasic growth relationships among the fat-free body components were not affected by feeding regimen, but by age. The beta 1 were about unity for the relationship between each fat-free component and FFEBM, suggesting a constant composition of the fat-free body in the first phase. In the second phase, CP accrued relatively faster than ash and water (beta 2 of 1.10 vs 0.94 and 0.91). Results indicate that the changes in growth pattern of fatty and fat-free tissue, both relative to the fat-free body, had not been revealed if a monophasic allometric model instead of a diphasic had been used.
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PMID:Diphasic allometric growth of body components in white Leghorn pullets fed ad libitum and restricted diets. 920 Feb 39

This study evaluated three spent hen meals (SHM) that were produced in commercial rendering plants. The levels (percentage) of selected nutrients (mean and range) in the meals were: CP, 64 (56 to 71); ash, 16 (12 to 18); lysine, 4.0 (3.6 to 4.3); methionine, 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4); cystine, 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5). Protein efficiency ratios (PER; weight gain per unit of protein intake) were determined in chicks fed 10% CP diets containing a SHM as the only source of dietary protein. The PER values for the SHM averaged 1.6 but varied from 1.1 to 2.2. An experiment was conducted using New Hampshire x Columbian chicks during the 7 to 20 d age period to determine the effect of substitution with either 7.5 or 15% of a SHM to a 21.5% CP corn-soybean meal diet. When substituted at 7.5%, growth performance was not affected by two of the SHM but was depressed by the other one. Growth performance was decreased by all SHM when substituted at 15% of the diet. True amino acid digestibility and TMEn of the SHM were determined using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay in which four roosters were crop-intubated with 30 g of a SHM and excreta were collected for 48 h. True amino acid digestibility varied among SHM (P < or = 0.05) and digestibility of cystine was substantially lower than digestibility of the other amino acids. Mean TMEn (kilocalories per gram of DM) of the SHM was 3.003 but varied by 44% among samples. The results of this study indicated that SHM has substantial nutritional value for poultry but the nutritional quality may vary greatly among samples.
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PMID:Evaluation of protein and energy quality of rendered spent hen meals. 931 14

We conducted two experiments to evaluate the effects of chromium picolinate and chromium chloride (CrCl3) on growth performance, carcass composition, percentages and accretion rates of carcass tissues and chemical components, and blood metabolites in pigs. In Exp. 1, 35 individually penned pigs were fed a fortified, corn-soybean meal basal diet (.95% lysine) supplemented with 0, 200, or 400 micrograms/kg of Cr from chromium picolinate or 5,000 or 25,000 micrograms/ kg of Cr from CrCl3. Each diet was fed to seven pigs for 35 d (19.6 to 43.2 kg BW). Addition of 200 micrograms/kg of Cr from chromium picolinate increased ADG (P < .07) and ADFI (P < .03) but did not affect feed:gain ratio. Backfat measurements and longissimus muscle area were not affected by either source of Cr. The percentages of muscle, fat, bone, and skin from the right ham and the percentages of water, protein, lipid, and ash from the left carcass were not significantly altered by Cr. The addition of 200 micrograms/kg Cr from chromium picolinate increased (P < .07) the accretion rate of lipid in the carcass. In Exp. 2, 42 individually penned pigs (three from each of 14 litters) were fed a fortified, corn-soybean meal basal diet (.95% lysine from 19 to 55 kg; .80% lysine from 55 to 109 kg) without or with 200 micrograms/kg of Cr from chromium picolinate or 5,000 micrograms/kg of Cr from CrCl3. Dietary Cr addition had no effect on the performance or backfat measurements of the pigs; however, both sources of Cr increased (P < .07) longissimus muscle area. The percentages and accretion rates of muscle tissue were increased (P < .001) and the percentages of fat tissue were decreased (P < .001) in pigs fed Cr, with chromium picolinate being more effective than CrCl3 (P < .05). The percentages (P < .01) and accretion rates (P < .07) of carcass protein were increased and the percentages and accretion rates of carcass lipid were decreased (P < .04) in pigs fed Cr. No changes in blood metabolites occurred as a result of supplemental Cr in either experiment. These results suggest that chromium picolinate is more effective than CrCl3 and that Cr must be supplemented throughout the growing-finishing period to improve the carcass composition.
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PMID:Efficacy of chromium picolinate and chromium chloride as potential carcass modifiers in swine. 933 68

The proximate composition, grain protein, minerals, amino acid and sugar profiles of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp were analyzed. The crude protein was 23%, fat 3.40% and ash 3.60%. Amino acid analysis indicated the presence of at least 17 amino acids including most of the essential ones. The essential amino acids valine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine were slightly higher, but sulphur-containing amino acids were lower than recommended in the WHO/FAO requirement pattern. Qualitative phytochemical screening of seeds showed fructose, alpha-glucose, beta-glucose, glycerol, manitol, inositol and some oligosaccharides, e.g. raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose. The grain contained almost similar amount of phosphorus as compared with that of Lebanese and Pakistani cultivars. Calcium was found to be lower as compared to some Indian, Pakistani and Lebanese cultivars. In general the results indicated that the legume is nutritive as staple food, feed and/or fodder.
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PMID:Nutrient composition and amino acid pattern of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, Fabaceae) grown in the Gizan area of Saudi Arabia. 971 82

The commercial oil cake produced during expeller pressing of maize germ, was extracted with n-hexane and 80 percent ethanol followed by seiving to remove undesirable materials. In defatted maize germ oil cake (DMGOC): protein, starch, fat, crude fiber (CF) and ash were respectively 24.69, 36.55, 5.68, 7.56 and 3.90 percent and they decrease after processing except ash, which increased slightly. It contains better quality protein having only 3 percent zein and 47 percent albumin. Its amino acids like lysine and tryptophan and biological value (BV) were higher than that of whole maize grain, and was comparable with that of the amino acid requirement of preschool children and casein diets both. Its digestible energy (DE) was lower compared with whole maize grain as well as the casein diets. After processing albumin, globulin and zein decreased whereas glutelin and the residual fraction increased. Not much differences were observed in chemical composition and different amino acids, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), true digestibility (TD), BV and DE improved after processing.
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PMID:Processing of maize germ oil cake into edible food grade meal and evaluation of its protein quality. 983 29

A linear model, two mathematical nonlinear models, and a curve-peeling procedure were used to estimate rate and extent of ruminal CP degradation of meat and bone meal (MBM) and soybean meal (SBM) from data obtained using the in situ Dacron polyester bag technique. Most of the values for extent of CP degradation of MBM were lowest when determined using curve peeling or the nonlinear models. In general, rates and extents of CP degradation of MBM estimated using the linear model and including ruminal incubations up to 12 h were greater than those obtained with the linear model and including ruminal incubations up to 24 h or up to 72 h. In addition, the models ranked the MBM samples differently for rate and extent of CP degradation. The results of the lack-of-fit test indicated that the linear model was inappropriate for estimating rate of degradation of MBM. However, CP degradation for SBM could be described by the linear model if long ruminal incubation times (greater than 48 h) were included in the calculations. Regression analyses were conducted to evaluate various compositional characteristics as predictors of CP degradation for MBM. Most of the correlation coefficients between CP degradation and the same independent variables were greater when the nonlinear models and curve peeling were used compared with the linear model. In general, the correlation coefficients between extent of CP degradation and the independent variables obtained with the linear model increased as the duration of ruminal incubations included in the model increased. Lysine concentrations, followed by CP solubility and ash content, were the best predictors of ruminal degradation of MBM protein. When using a specific mathematical model to predict CP degradation, analysis of residuals vs fitted and lack-of-fit tests should be performed to assess the validity of the model to describe the degradation patterns of the protein source under consideration. Also, long (at least 48 h) ruminal incubation times may be needed to correctly describe the pattern of CP degradation for MBM.
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PMID:Evaluation of selected mathematical approaches to the kinetics of protein degradation in situ. 985 99

1. Ducklings were given diets with vegetable protein (VP) and 0 or 600 g rice bran/kg; fish meal (60 g/kg) and a phytase (+, -) were added to the diets (VP + AP). An additional 40 g soyabean meal/kg was added to the diet with rice bran (VP ++). Amino acid digestibility and mineral retention were measured in the lower ileum of ducklings killed at 23 d of age. Acid insoluble ash was used as an inert marker. Trypsin and amylase activities were also measured and weights of the pancreas and small intestine recorded at slaughter. 2. Addition of soyabean meal (VP ++) to the diet with rice bran improved growth rate and food intake compared to the diet without (VP) and gave the same food intake and growth rate as the comparable basal diet (VP) without rice bran. Fish meal improved growth rate on the diets without rice bran and improved food intake on this diet (VP + AP). Rice bran depressed growth rate and food conversion ratio (FCR); protein source affected growth rate, food intake and FCR; phytase increased food intake only. There were several interactions. 3. Determined total amino acid composition of the diets appeared to meet the essential amino acid requirements of ducklings. Rice bran depressed the ileal digestibility of virtually all amino acids and phytase had no direct effect, although there were interactions. Fish meal addition to diets with rice bran improved the apparent digestibility of several essential amino acids as well as that of dry matter and crude protein. 4. Ileal retention of some minerals and tibia ash content were reduced by rice bran. Fish meal and phytase inclusion increased P retention and ash in tibia. 5. Higher intestinal trypsin activity and increased pancreas size were seen in ducklings on diets with rice bran compared to those without. Intestinal amylase activity was reduced in ducklings given rice bran, probably because of its low starch content. 6. The stimulating effect of fish meal on duckling performance was probably caused in part by the improvement in the digestibility of some amino acids. The addition of small amounts of minerals in fish meal may have increased mineral retention. Phytase gave benefits anticipated from our previous work, but also improved lysine and threonine digestibility in diets containing vegetable protein only.
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PMID:Strategies to improve the nutritive value of rice bran in poultry diets. IV. Effects of addition of fish meal and a microbial phytase to duckling diets on bird performance and amino acid digestibility. 992 13

Two dehydrated restaurant food waste (DFW) products were evaluated as potential feedstuffs for finishing pigs. For each product, fresh food wastes were obtained from food service operations at a resort complex in central Florida. The wastes were mostly leftover food and plate scrapings. The wastes were minced, blended with a feed stock (soy hulls and wheat flour [DFW1] or soy hulls and ground corn [DFW2]), pelleted, and dried. The dried product was then blended with additional minced fresh food wastes and dried; this process was then repeated. The final DFW products contained approximately 60% dried food wastes. The DFW1 and DFW2 products contained 11.4 and 8.4% moisture, 15.0 and 14.4% CP, 13.8 and 16.0% crude fat, 10.4 and 14.5% crude fiber, 5.8 and 4.7% ash, .63 and .64% lysine, .54 and .63% Ca, .34 and .38% P, .69 and .86% Cl, and .35 and .47% Na, respectively. Two feeding trials with 48 and 72 finishing pigs (56 to 112 kg), respectively, were conducted comparing diets without (control) or with the DFW product included at 40% of the diet (DFW1) for Trial 1 and 40 or 80% of the diet (DFW2) for Trial 2. Pigs fed the DFW diets in both trials had ADG that were similar (P > . 10) to and average gain:feed ratios that were superior (P = .06, Trial 1; P < .01; linear, Trial 2) to those for control pigs. Carcass lean content and lean quality scores were not reduced (P > . 10) by feeding pigs the DFW diets in either trial. Carcass fat became softer (P < .01; linear) with increasing amount of DFW2 in the diet in Trial 2. Thus, dehydrated restaurant food wastes have the potential to produce a nutritious feedstuff for pigs while offering a viable solid waste disposal option.
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PMID:Evaluation of dehydrated restaurant food waste products as feedstuffs for finishing pigs. 1022 65

The impact of amino acid nutrition during lactation on body nutrient mobilization and milk nutrient output in primiparous sows was evaluated. Thirty-six sows, nursing litters of 13 pigs, were allocated daily 6 kg of a fortified corn-soybean meal diet containing a high (HP, 1.20% lysine) or low (LP, .34% lysine) protein content during a 23-d lactation. Dietary lysine concentration was achieved by altering the ratio of corn and soybean meal in the diet. The LP sows consumed less daily ME (14.2 vs 16.1 Mcal; P < .11) and daily lysine (16 vs 59 g; P < .01) than the HP sows. Daily litter weight gain was less (P < .01) for sows fed the LP vs HP diet, and the differences increased (P < . 01) as lactation progressed. The lower litter weight gain for the LP sows was reflective of the lower (P < .01) estimated milk DM, CP, and GE output of these sows. The LP sows lost more body weight (1.23 vs .21 kg/d; P < .01) during the initial 20 d of lactation. In the LP sows, 59% of the weight loss was protein, water, and ash, and 37% was fat. Weight loss in the HP sows was entirely accounted for by body fat mobilization, because these sows accrued body protein, water, and ash. Muscle myofibrillar breakdown rate was higher in LP sows than in HP sows (4.05 vs 2.80%/d; P < .01). On the basis of these data, dietary amino acid restriction during lactation increases maternal mobilization of proteinaceous tissue and reduces milk nutrient output. Maternal protein mobilization is maintained over the entire lactation even though milk output is decreased as lactation progresses.
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PMID:Impact of amino acid nutrition during lactation on body nutrient mobilization and milk nutrient output in primiparous sows. 1037 28

1. The apparent ileal and excreta digestibilities of amino acids in 15 samples representing 12 food ingredients were determined using 5-week-old male broiler chickens. The ingredients included 3 samples of cereals (wheat, maize and sorghum), 6 samples of plant protein meals (soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, canola meal and sunflower meal) and 6 samples of animal protein meals (meat meal, meat-and-bone meal, feather meal and fish meal). 2. The test ingredients were incorporated as the sole source of dietary protein in assay diets. Each diet was offered ad libitum to 3 pens (4 birds/pen) from d 35 to d 42 post-hatching. Total collection of excreta was carried out during the last 4 d. All birds were killed on d 42 and the contents of the lower half of the ileum were collected. Apparent ileal and excreta amino acid digestibilities were calculated using acid-insoluble ash as the indigestible marker. 3. The influence of site of measurement was found to vary among food ingredients, among samples within an ingredient and among different amino acids within an ingredient. Ileal amino acid digestibility values were similar in some ingredients, but significantly lower or higher in others than the corresponding excreta values. 4. Average ileal and excreta amino acid digestibilities in sorghum and maize were similar, but significant differences were observed for individual amino acids. In contrast, ileal amino acid digestibility values were higher than the corresponding excreta digestibility values in wheat. 5. The average ileal and excreta digestibilites of amino acids in the 3 soyabean meal samples were similar although small, but significant differences were noted for individual amino acids. Site of measurement had no effect on the digestibility of amino acids in canola meal. Digestibilities of valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, histidine, glutamic acid, alanine and tyrosine in sunflower meal and those of valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, glutamic acid and alanine in cottonseed meal were lower by excreta analysis. 6. Digestibilities in animal protein meals, with the exception of blood meal and fish meal, were consistently higher by excreta analysis. Ileal-excreta differences in individual amino acid digestibilities were more evident in feather meal, meat meal and meat-and-bone meal. 7. Threonine and valine were the indispensable amino acids that were more frequently influenced by the site of measurement. Of the dispensable amino acids, aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid and alanine were the most affected. 8. Differences determined between ileal and excreta digestibilities in the present study clearly demonstrate that amino acid metabolism by hindgut microflora in chickens may be substantial and that digestibilities measured in the terminal ileum are more accurate measures of amino acid availability than those measured in the excreta.
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PMID:A comparison of ileal digesta and excreta analysis for the determination of amino acid digestibility in food ingredients for poultry. 1046 95


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