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The chemical composition of five samples of Iraqi mung beans chosen from different geographical regions were investigated as well as their amino acid contents. The results indicated that all the samples were good sources of protein, carbohydrates and minerals. They contained 24.95-28.04% protein, 64,15-66.32% carbohydrates, 0.86-0.96% crude fat, 3.37-4.05% ash and 4.13-5.01% crude fibre. The amounts of phosphorus, calcium and iron were within the ranges; 381-528, 128-143 and 5.14-5.76 milligrams per 100 grams of flour, respectively (all results on a dry weight basis). Further, all samples were rich in most essential amino acids, especially lysine (5.85-8.24 grams per 100 grams of protein) but they were deficient in methionine (0.96-1.48 gram per 100 grams of protein).
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PMID:Chemical and amino acid composition of Iraqi mung beans. 744 57

Growth of the body as a whole and of parts of the reproductive tract of White Leghorn pullets that ate ad libitum and restricted diets were analyzed by a multiphasic growth function. Parameter estimates were related to onset of lay. Chemical body compositions at defined stages of pubertal growth were related to the development of the reproductive organs. Data of pullets that had been restricted in one of two rearing periods (0 to 6 and 7 to 18 wk of age) were used. In each period, pullets were fed a low-lysine diet or a daily restricted amount of feed, on a pair-gain basis. In all mathematical fits, a well distinguishable "pubertal body growth spurt" at around 19 wk of age was found. About 40 to 70% of total growth within this phase consisted of growth of the reproductive tract (the ovary covered 19 to 35%, the oviduct 15 to 23%, and the uterus 7 to 11% of total growth). Age at maximum gain of the pubertal body growth spurt was 20.1 wk for lysine-restricted pullets and 19.6 wk for feed-restricted pullets. This difference reflected differences in onset of lay (50% rate of lay) between lysine- and feed-restricted birds (22.3 and 21.6 wk, respectively). An interval of 14 to 15 d existed between maximum gain of the pubertal body growth spurt and onset of lay. It was suggested that the occurrence of the pubertal body growth spurt can serve as a predictor for subsequent onset of lay. Body composition at defined moments during the pubertal body growth spurt was calculated by interpolation from chemical analyses of Weeks 15, 18, 20, 22, and 24. Crude fat content in the body at start of the pubertal body growth spurt varied considerably between the feeding regimens (112 to 179 g). The fat-free body (consisting of CP, ash, and water) showed less variation between the treatments at this stage (807 to 870 g). It is concluded that a particular amount of fat-free tissue is critical in pullet development and may be required before sexual organ development starts.
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PMID:Onset of lay related to multiphasic growth and body composition in White Leghorn pullets provided ad libitum and restricted diets. 760 59

Two germplasms of the tribal pulse, Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. viz., Ayyanarkoil Forest and Mundanthurai Wildlife Sanctuary, were analysed for proximate composition, total (true) seed proteins, seed protein fractions, amino acid composition, fatty acids, minerals and antinutritional factors. Crude proteins, crude lipids, ash and nitrogen free extractives constituted 19.84%, 9.52%, 3.31% and 60.65%, respectively in Ayyanarkoil Forest germplasm; whereas, in Mundanthurai Wildlife Sanctuary germplasm they constituted 19.31%, 8.94%, 3.81% and 61.30%, respectively. The caloric values were found to be 407.64 KCal (Ayyanarkoil Forest) and 402.90 KCal (Mundanthurai Wildlife Sanctuary) germplasms. Essential amino acids like isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and lysine were found to be high in the seed proteins of both the germplasms. The fatty acids, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, were found to be relatively higher in the seed lipids of both the germplasms. Both the germplasms seemed to be a rich source of calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, manganese and iron. Antinutritional substances like total free phenols, tannins, L-DOPA and phytohaemagglutinating activity also were investigated.
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PMID:Chemical and nutritional evaluation of two germplasms of the tribal pulse, Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. 771 20

1. The amino acid requirements of laying type pullets during the growing period can be estimated by measuring the growth of different components of the body and making use of nutritional constants that define the amount of each amino acid that is required for the production of the tissues being formed. 2. In this experiment, carcase analyses of each of three breeds of pullets were conducted at weekly intervals throughout the growth of the pullets, to 18 weeks of age. Measurements were made of body weight, gut-fill and feather weight, and chemical analyses consisted of water, protein, lipid and ash measurements of both the body and the feathers. Each age group comprised 10 birds of each breed. 3. Gompertz functions accurately estimated the growth of both body protein and feather protein, to 18 weeks of age, from which the rate of growth of these two components of the body could be estimated. The mature weight of pullets was overestimated by the Gompertz growth curve, which may indicate that a pullet ceases to increase in body protein content once sexual maturity has been reached. 4. Using allometric relationships between the chemical components of the body and of feathers, all the components of growth could be estimated from the growth of body protein and feather protein. These components were then added together to determine the growth rate of the body as a whole. 5. The daily amino acid requirements for 4 functions were calculated, namely, those for the maintenance of body protein and feather protein, and for the gain in body protein and feather protein. These requirements were then summed to determine the requirement of pullets on each day of the growing period. 6. Using the 'effective energy' system, the amount of energy required by these pullets was calculated for each day of the growing period, from which the desired daily food intake of the pullets could be predicted. By dividing the amino acid requirement by this daily food intake it was possible to determine the concentration of amino acids that would be needed in the diet in order to meet the requirements of a pullet. 7. The results indicate that the ratio between the requirement for lysine and for methionine and cysteine changes dramatically during the growing period, negating the concept of a fixed ratio between all the amino acids during growth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:A formal method of determining the dietary amino acid requirements of laying-type pullets during their growing period. 771 36

Two experiments were conducted to assess the bioavailability of P in five sources of defluorinated phosphate (DFP) that differed in P solubility in neutral ammonium citrate (NAC). In Exp. 1, 384 2-d-old male chicks were fed a corn-cornstarch-dextrose-soybean meal basal diet (1.22% lysine, 1.00% Ca, .45% P) or the basal with .05 or .10% P from monosodium phosphate (MSP), or .10% P from DFP with 60, 70, 75, 82, or 91% NAC soluble P. Each diet was fed to six pen replicates of eight chicks per pen for 14 d (58 to 402 g). Growth rate, feed/gain, and tibia breaking strength and ash concentration were improved (P < .001) by P supplementation, regardless of P source. Tibia strength and ash were regressed on P intake, and slope-ratios were calculated to assess the relative bioavailability of P in the DFP sources. The bioavailabilities of P in the 60, 70, 75, 82, and 91% NAC soluble DFP sources, relative to MSP (given a value of 100), were 81, 75, 84, 84, and 91%, respectively (linear, P < .08). In Exp. 2, 35 individually penned pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet (.95% lysine, .75% Ca, .33% P) or the basal with .15% P from MSP or from the five DFP sources. Each diet was fed to five pigs for 33 d (15.0 to 35.9 kg). Growth rate, feed/gain, and breaking strength of the metacarpals, metatarsals, and femurs were improved (P < .001) by MSP and DFP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Biological availability of phosphorus in defluorinated phosphates with different phosphorus solubilities in neutral ammonium citrate for chicks and pigs. 788 24

Potential use of the high protein by-product of beer production from 77% sorghum malt and 23% maize grit was investigated. Red sorghum spent grains (RSSG) and white sorghum spent grains (WSSG) contained 23.4 and 19.3% crude protein (CP), 54 and 43% dietary fiber (NDF), 1.44 and 0.78% ash, 4.5 and 3.2% hexane extract and tannin content of 7.5 and 1.0 mg/g catechin equivalent respectively. Magnesium was the most abundant mineral in both RSSG and WSSG--185 and 140 mg/kg, respectively. Calcium, zinc, iron and copper were generally low. Both samples contained cadmium 1.12 (WSSG), 1.19 (RSSG) and lead at 1.38 mg/kg. Lysine was the limiting amino acid (chemical score 0.55) in both samples. Other essential amino acids were adequate or surplus. Stearic acid was the predominant fatty acid with varying levels of lauric, myristic, palmitic, and oleic acids in both samples. Feed intake and weight gain were highest in rats fed 26.3% WSSG (contributing 50% of the diet protein) but protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein retention (NPR) were highest in diets where spent grains contributed just 25% of the diet protein. True digestibility of diets decreased as dietary fiber content increased such that animals on diets containing 100% spent grain protein (above 20% NDF) lost weight.
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PMID:Nutritional evaluation of spent grains from sorghum malts and maize grit. 797 86

A medical formula was developed from a chick-pea (Cicer arietinum) protein concentrate obtained by ultrafiltration (67.8% of protein). Additionally sucrose, methionine, milk flavor, and mixtures of corn and coconut oils, vitamins and minerals were used, to perform FAO/WHO standards. All ingredients were blended in water to 50 degrees C, and the mixture was spray-dried with a Spray-drier using inlet and outlet air temperatures of 170 and 90 degrees C respectively. The nutritive value of the formula was evaluated with the Net Protein Ratio (NPR), Nitrogen Utilization (NU) and both relatives values to casein ANRC (R-NPR and R-NU). The proximal analysis of the infant formula was: protein 16.0% (with 4.9 g/16 g N of reactive lysine), fat 25.8%, moisture 4.0%, ash 3.2% and carbohydrates 51.0%. The values of NPR, R-NPR, NU and R-NU were 3.95, 83.6, 3.55 and 82.5 respectively. This results shown the chick-pea protein concentrate, potencially utilizable as an ingredient in the formulas for medical purposes.
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PMID:[Development of a feeding formula from a protein concentrate of chick-pea (Cicer arietinum)]. 800 3

One hundred twenty barrows (initially 59 kg) were used to determine the effects of dietary lysine and porcine somatotropin (pST) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs fed to heavy market weights (127 kg). Pigs were injected daily with either 4 mg of pST or a placebo and fed diets containing either .8, 1.0, 1.2, or 1.4% lysine in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement. Performance data were collected and evaluated for the weight ranges: 59 to 105, 105 to 127, and 59 to 127 kg. In addition, daily accretion rates of protein (DPA), lipid (DLA), moisture, and ash were determined by slaughtering six randomly selected pigs at the start of the experiment, then one pig per pen when pigs reached mean weights of 105 and 127 kg. Pigs injected with pST had greater (P < .05) ADG than control pigs at all weight ranges. Increased dietary lysine had no effect (P > .20) on ADG during the entire trial (59 to 127 kg). Although control pigs showed no increase in ADG with increasing lysine, ADG of pST-treated pigs tended to increase. This resulted in a pST x lysine interaction (P < .07) for ADG from 59 to 127 kg. Feed consumption decreased (P < .05) in pigs from 59 to 105 kg and 59 to 127 kg with pST treatment and with increasing dietary lysine. Feed conversion (G/F) was improved (P < .01) by pST administration and a tendency for a pST x lysine interaction (P < .12) was observed. At 105 kg, average backfat thickness, kidney fat, longissimus muscle area, and DPA were unaffected by dietary lysine but were improved by pST treatment (P < .01). At a slaughter weight of 127 kg, average backfat thickness decreased and DPA increased (linear, P < .05) with increasing dietary lysine and pST treatment (P < .01). Longissimus muscle area was increased and DLA was decreased (P < .01) by injections of pST but both were unchanged by dietary lysine. These data indicate that growth performance and carcass characteristics at 105 and 127 kg were improved by daily administration of 4 mg of pST. At both slaughter weights, increasing dietary lysine resulted in increased carcass leanness (increased carcass protein and decreased carcass lipid). Although increasing lysine did not improve overall (59 to 127 kg) ADG and feed efficiency, pST-treated pigs showed a greater response to increasing dietary lysine. The data indicate that pST-treated pigs (4 mg/d) require approximately 28 g/d of lysine.
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PMID:The effects of porcine somatotropin and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing swine fed to 105 or 127 kilograms. 827 May 19

The physical characteristics, chemical composition, and nutritional value of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from seven beverage alcohol and two fuel alcohol manufacturers were evaluated in studies with chicks and pigs. Color scores of the DDGS ranged from very light to very dark and odor scores ranged from normal to burnt or smoky. The DDGS ranged from 23.4 to 28.7% CP, 2.9 to 12.8% fat, 8.8 to 36.9% ADIN, 28.8 to 40.3% NDF, 10.3 to 18.1% ADF, and 3.4 to 7.3% ash. Lysine concentrations of the DDGS ranged from .43 to .89%. In the first experiment, 12 corn-based diets were fed to 1-d-old chicks for 21 d to assess the nutritional value of the DDGS sources. A low-protein basal diet was supplemented with soybean meal to provide 13.6, 16.5, or 19.0% CP or supplemented with 20% DDGS, which supplied approximately the same amount of CP as the highest level of soybean meal. Weight gain, feed intake, and feed/gain were influenced (P < .01) by source of DDGS. The weight gain of chicks fed the DDGS sources ranged from 85% of that chicks fed the highest level of soybean meal to less than that of chicks fed the low-protein basal diet. Blends of the three best sources of DDGS and the three poorest sources of DDGS were evaluated in a subsequent chick trial. The relative nutritional values of the two blends were similar to the average of the sources that made up the blends. Performance responses to various blends of DDGS in the pig experiment paralleled those of the chick trial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Physical, chemical, and nutritional characteristics of distillers dried grains with solubles for chicks and pigs. 838 86

The femur, a rib, and a third metacarpal were collected from 108 barrows (initial weight = 57 kg) and analyzed to determine the effects of porcine somatotropin (pST) and dietary lysine on bone mineralization and mechanical properties. In Exp. 1, pigs were injected daily with 4 mg of pST and fed diets containing 1.0% Ca and .9% P and either .6, .8, 1.0, 1.2, or 1.4% lysine. Control pigs (placebo injection) received the .6% lysine diet. Bone wall thickness (BWT) of the femur increased (linear, P < .05) but ash content decreased (linear, P < .10) as dietary lysine level increased. Stress and ash content of the rib also decreased (linear, P < .05) with increasing dietary lysine level. In Exp. 2, pigs were injected with either 4 or 8 mg/d of pST and fed diets containing 1.1% Ca and 1.0% P and either .8, 1.0, 1.2, or 1.4% lysine. Control pigs received the .8% lysine diet. Increasing pST dosage increased BWT of the femur (linear, P < .10) but decreased ash content (linear, P < .10). In the rib, increasing pST dosage reduced stress, modulus of elasticity (linear, P < .10), and ash content (linear, P < .01). Increasing lysine level resulted in increased BWT of the femur and decreased ash content of rib, femur, and metacarpal (linear, P < .10). These data indicate that pST administration in conjunction with increasing lysine levels decreases bone ash content but increases BWT of finishing pigs.
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PMID:Porcine somatotropin and dietary lysine influence bone mineralization and mechanical properties of bones in finishing swine. 846 55


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