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Query: UMLS:C0205700 (ash)
 15,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Digestibility experiments were made with nearly full-grown female fattening pigs supplied with large-scale T-cannulae implanted in the distal ileum to collect the digesta in order to test 11, mainly dried and pelleted, kinds of forage plants (9 samples of lucerne cut at different times as well as green rye and whole plants of maize) as supplements to a basic diet. All samples were analysed to their content of HCl-insoluble ash as marker and their content of amino acids (AA). The calculation of the apparent precaecal and faecal crude protein (CP) digestibility and of the absorption values of the essential AA lysine, methionine, cystine, isoleucine, threonine and tryptophan as well as of glutamic acid was carried out according to the difference method. CP digestibility of the experimental diets was precaecally reduced by 5 to 20 and faecally by 3 to 13 units by supplements of at least 25% of the dry matter; for some of the AA the reduction was even bigger and dispersion between the values of the individual animals was essentially increased in comparison with the basic ration. Faecally, the precaecal differences of CP digestibility and AA absorption caused by the various alfalfa samples, are largely blurred. The CP and AA digestibility of the forage plants partly showed very big individual differences between the animals. Precaecally, a CP digestibility of more than 48% could not be ascertained. Similarly to the lysine content, precaecal lysine absorption from the kinds of roughage showed big differences. Whereas the absorption values for methionine of between 60 and 87% were relatively high, those for cystine were mostly very low, often in the negative range. This underlines that normal digestion processes are strongly influenced by high supplements of forage plants so that the constancy of the digestibility of the basic ration must be doubted under these conditions. The bacterial processes in the large intestine greatly level out the differences found precaecally between the various kinds of feedstuffs. The faecal digestibility and absorption values were considerably above those measured precaecally; methionine digestibility only was mostly considerably diminished in comparison with precaecal values due to synthesis in the large intestine. A significant positive correlation could be calculated between the lysine content of the 9 alfalfa samples (4.0 to 6.6 g/16 g N) and the apparent precaecal values of lysine absorption (2.2 to 67.6%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The apparent prececal and fecal crude protein digestibility and amino acid absorption of coarse animal feed in fattening pigs]. 320 91

Apparent amino acid availabilities (AAAA) were determined for grain amaranth in two experiments using broilers. Total collection method (TCM) and acid-insoluble ash (AIA), as a marker, were used for these determinations. Individual amino acid availabilities for the extruded grain were calculated both by regression analysis and by difference from the basal diet. From the linear regression equations, TCM produced more accurate results than did the AIA method, based on standard errors of the intercept and coefficient of determination. Predicted AAAA, based on linear regression equations, from the TCM were 92.4, 79.9, and 89.4% for methionine, lysine, and arginine, respectively. Using the TCM and calculation by difference, average AAAA on an as-fed basis were 85.0, 79.1, and 92.9% for methionine, lysine, and arginine, respectively. The AAAA of 11 other amino acids were also determined.
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PMID:Assessment of extruded grain amaranth as a feed ingredient for broilers. 2. Apparent amino acid availability values. 340 43

In order to improve the taste, flavor and nutritional quality of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), various processing conditions were studied. The decorticated samples were processed under various conditions, either by presoaking or non-soaking in water or sodium carbonate solution. The proteins were also isolated from water or carbonate-presoaked chickpea and subjected to various processing. Carbonate-presoaked samples gave slightly lower protein and ash values. No major changes in other constituents were observed. Subjective analysis of the intensity of characteristic chickpea flavor in processed samples was carried out, indicating some improvement in the carbonate-presoaked samples. Carbonate-treated samples exhibited a lighter color. The carbonate presoaking procedure had no adverse effect on the availability of lysine and nitrogen solubility index (NSI), as compared to the water-presoaking procedure. The time required to inactivate trypsin inhibitors in carbonate-presoaked chickpea at boiling temperature, was half that required in the case of water-presoaked ones. Under the conditions used in treating chickpea with sodium carbonate, no beneficial effect was observed in reducing the tannin content. No significant differences were observed in net protein ratio (NPR) among the various processed chickpea samples, even though in some cases isolated protein gave significantly lower NPR values. Digestibility values were higher for isolated protein than for whole chickpea samples.
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PMID:Studies on the development of infant foods from plant protein sources. Part II. Effect of processing conditions on the chemical and nutritive properties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum). 384 55

Fish protein concentrate (FPC) from river Nile bolti fish (Tilapia nilotica) was prepared and compared with commercial FPC and fresh bolti fish flesh. Fish meal (FM) from bolti fish offals was prepared and compared with commercial FM and also fresh bolti fish flesh. FPC from bolti fish showed a higher crude protein content but less fat, ash, calcium and sand than the commercial sample, while FM from bolti fish showed a higher content of ash and phosphorus than commercial FM but was nearly similar in crude protein, fat, calcium and sodium chloride. FPC from bolti fish had a higher content of lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine and glutamic acid and a lower content of the other free amino acids. The bolti fish FM had a lower content of total amino acids and the contents of the free amino acids cysteine, glycine, aspartic acid, serine, alanine, valine, and methionine increased slightly. The yield was 12% for FPC and 19.5% for FM. Coliform bacteria were not present in both FPC and FM from bolti fish. Low moisture contents of FPC and FM were essential for preventing microbiol growth and to attain a good keeping quality. The FPC and FM from bolti fish reached moisture equilibrium and stopped increasing in weight within 144 to 192 h.
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PMID:Studies on fish protein concentrate and fish meal from river Nile bolti fish (Tilapia nilotica). 402 16

The present paper is concerned with the effects of four rations of varying composition (fed to pullets from the eighth to the twenty-second week of life) on the composition of the carcasses of laying hens at the end of a 52-week trial. Ration 1 served as a control; ration 2 contained 68% protein-rich wheat as a protein carrier, 2% extracted soybean meal. 4% fish meal; the two other rations contained only 94% protein-rich wheat with or without addition of 2% lysine. The mean live-weights of the animals for slaughter were: 1792 g +/- 71 g; 1760 g +/- 78 g; 1701 g +/- 92 g; and 1655 +/- 102 g, respectively. The mean portion of edible parts (heart, liver, stomach, fatty tissue, follicles, flesh) of the 104 carcasses was 61.6% +/- 3.0%. The edible parts contained (mean values): crude protein, 18.0% +/- 2.0%; raw fat, 22.8% +/- 5.7%; and crude ash, 1.02% +/- 0.16%. The values calculated for the bonefree, uneatable parts (to be used as feed) were: crude protein, 16.2% +/- 0.7%; raw fat, 8.7% +/- 1.5%; and crude ash, 3.45% +/- 0.32%. The ash content of the edible parts is increased by lysine-rich diets. The rearing as well as the feeding during the laying period exerted no targeted effect on the crude protein and raw fat contents of the carcasses. The fat content of the carcass is determined by the consumption of energy.
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PMID:[Supplementation of the amino acid composition of protein-rich wheat with protein concentrates and L-lysine in rations for laying hens. 4. Effect of various rearing diets on crude protein, fat and ash contents of the utilizable and nonutilizable parts of carcasses of slaughter hens]. 641 63

A lysine-deficient amino acid mixture was developed by decreasing the level of lysine in a well-balanced amino acid mixture while measuring the response in daily gain and protein retention in young growing rats. The diet that contained the highest level of lysine that did not support maximal growth or protein retention was used as the lysine-deficient amino acid mixture. This mixture was incorporated into a series of diets to provide 0.52, 0.59 or 0.67% of lysine in combination with 0, 25 or 50% relative excess of all other amino acids. Food intake, weight gain and changes in carcass composition were measured in the 21-day feeding study. When voluntary food intake was used as a covariate in the statistical analysis, increased dietary lysine improved the efficiency of food use for body weight, dry matter, crude protein and ash gains. When corrected for food intake, lysine level did not affect lipid retention. There was no effect of excess amino acids on food intake, daily weight gain or body component gains whether food intake was used as a covariate or not. These results suggest that growing rats can respond to improved amino acid nutriture with changes in the efficiency of food use rather than improvements in growth.
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PMID:The effect of amino acid excess on utilization by the rat of the limiting amino acid--lysine. 643 9

The effect of excess amino acids on utilization of the most limiting amino acid was investigated via restricted feeding. Lysine- and threonine-deficient amino acid mixtures were incorporated into diets for young growing rats to provide 75 or 85% of the NRC requirement of the limiting amino acid in combination with zero or 50% of relative excess of the nonlimiting amino acids. The amount of food offered was equalized within treatment groups and increased according to the intake of the group with the lowest rate of consumption. Because of differences in the amount of diet refused, total food intakes were not identical. At equal percentage of the NRC requirement, threonine- and lysine-deficient amino acid mixtures supported equal body weight, dry matter, lipid and ash gains. However, crude protein retention was greater when the threonine-deficient amino acid mixture was fed. The maximum depression in performance due to 50% of amino acid excess with restricted feeding was much less than the maximum decrease previously observed in the ad libitum feeding situation. This supports the conclusion that changes in voluntary food intake are the major effectors of depressed growth due to excess amino acids. These results raise serious concern over the usefulness of amino acid requirements and the applicability of the current system of chemical scores to evaluate protein quality.
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PMID:The effect of amino acid excess on utilization by the rat of the limiting amino acid--lysine and threonine at equalized food intakes. 643 11

Forty-five neonatal pigs were used to compare the utilization of casein plus L-tryptophan (Try) and L-arginine (Arg) and of isolated soybean protein (ISP) plus DL--methionine (Met), L-lysine (Lys) and Try, with either glucose or lactose used as the carbohydrate source, from 1 to 29 days of age. A reference diet containing dried skim milk and soybean meal proteins was utilized. No interaction (P greater than .05) occurred between protein and carbohydrate sources. The diets containing lactose or glucose produced similar pig perforamnce, nutrient digestibility and serum levels of glucose, protein and urea nitrogen from 1 to 29 days of age. However, pigs fed the diet containing casein had higher (P less than .05) average daily gain and higher gain to feed ratios from 1 to 15 days of age than did pigs fed the diet containing ISP, while both groups were similar in performance from 15 to 29 days of age. Ether extract, crude protein, energy, ash and dry matter digestibilities and serum levels of protein were greater (P less than .05) for pigs fed the diets containing casein than for those fed the diets containing ISP. Nitrogen free extract digestibility and serum glucose and urea nitrogen were similar for pigs fed the diets containing casein or ISP. The diets that the pigs received from 1 to 29 days of age did not influence their subsequent nursery performance from 29 to 64 days of age, when all groups were fed the same diet. These results indicate that casein plus Try and Arg was superior to isolated soybean protein plus Met, Lys and Try as a source of protein for the baby pig from 1 to 15 days of age, while both protein sources produced similar perforamnce from 15 to 29 days of age.
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PMID:Utilization of casein or isolated soybean protein supplemented with amino acids and glucose or lactose by neonatal piglets reared artificially. 719 Jan 40

Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was substituted for 0, 50 and 100% of the P supplied by defluorinated rock phosphate (DRP) in corn-soybean meal diets for growing rats and growing-finishing (G-F) pigs. The diets were formulated to contain 10% protein, .75% Ca and .60% P. Two-thirds of the P in the control diet was supplied by DRP. Replacement of 50 or 100% of the DRP with APP increased the dietary N by 7.25 and 14.5%, respectively. To evaluate nonprotein N (NPN) utilization, we used ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) to provide a level of N equivalent to that supplied by APP when it replaced 100% of the P supplied by DRP. These four treatments were repeated with supplementation of limiting amino acids (L-lysine, L-tryptophan and DL-methionine. Daily feed intake, rate of gain and feed:gain (F:G) of rats and G-F pigs were not influenced (P greater than .05) by the substitution of APP for DRP as a P source in corn-soybean meal diets with or without supplemental amino acids. F:G was improved (P less than .05) by the addition of limiting amino acids to diets for pigs, and a similar trend occurred in rats. The addition of NH4Cl to the 10% protein diets as a source of NPN resulted in no observable benefit for growing rats or G-F pigs. Percentages of ham and loin, percentages of bone ash and P content of the bone ash in pigs were not influenced by the dietary treatments.
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PMID:Ammonium polyphosphate as a source of phosphorus and nonprotein nitrogen for monogastrics. 724 28

The nutritive value of calf stomach waste from rennet production was assessed. The by-product was either drum-dried at the industry (DDSW) or mildly dried (60 degrees C) in a ventilated oven at the laboratory (MDSW). Part of the sample treated at the laboratory was autoclaved before drying (ASW). The protein and ether extract concentrations ranged from 34.25% to 44.31% and from 31.14% to 38.95%, respectively, and were lower in DDSW than in the other two samples. The ash content which ranged from 16.04% to 27.38%, was higher in the DDSW sample. Methionine, cystine, and available lysine were lower in the DDSW by-product than in the other two samples. Lysine availability was affected by the drum-drying and autoclaving procedures. Tryptophan was shown to be the limiting amino acid in all samples. Nutritive value, assayed both in DDSW and ASW, was lower in DDSW when compared with ASW or with casein diets as far as PER is concerned. The digestibility was shown to be ranked in increasing order for DDSW, ASW and casein. In conclusion, the results indicate that the waste from rennet production may be recommended as in inexpensive source of protein for animal feeding.
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PMID:Animal wastes. I. Effect of processing on the chemical and protein nutritional value of calf stomach. 734 40


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